This study aims to examine the effect of COVID-19 perceived risk on death anxiety, satisfaction with life, and psychological well-being. The application part of the research was conducted on staff working in a public hospital. A convenience sample of staff working in a public hospital was used and data were obtained from 573 individuals. The result of the analysis determined that the COVID-19 perceived risk explains 13.5% of the total variance on death anxiety. The regression models identified that the increase in COVID-19 risk perceptions of the participants statistically increased their death anxiety and decreased their satisfaction with life and psychological well-being.
AlsubaieS.TemsahM. H.Al-EyadhyA. A.GosadiI.HasanG. M.Al-RabiaahA.JamalA. A.AlhalboobA. A.AlsohimeF.SomilyA. M. (2019). Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus epidemic impact on healthcare workers' risk perceptions, work and personal lives. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 13(10), 920–926.
4.
Angus Reid Institute. (2020). Worry, gratitude & boredom: As COVID-19 affects mental, financial health, who fares better; who is worse?http://angusreid.org/covid19-mental-health/
5.
BaiY.LinC. C.LinC. Y.ChenJ. Y.ChueC. M.ChouP. (2004). Survey of stress reactions among health care workers involved with the SARS outbreak. Psychiatric Services, 55(9), 1055–1057.
6.
BaoY.SunY.MengS.ShiJ.LuL. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395(10224), 37–38.
7.
BhagavuthulaA. S.AldhaleeiW. A.RahmaniJ.MahabadiM. A.BandariD. K. (2020). Novel coronavirus (COVID-19) knowledge and perceptions: A survey of healthcare workers. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 6(2), e19160.
8.
CeyhanS.UzuntarlaY. (2020). Determination of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of academic staff towards COVID-19. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 259–276
9.
ChongM. Y.WangW. C.HsiehW. C.LeeC. Y.ChiuN. M.YehW. C.HuangO. L.WenJ. K.ChenC. L. (2004). Psychological impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome on health workers in a tertiary hospital. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(2), 127–133.
10.
ÇiçekB.AlmalıV. (2020). The relationship between anxiety self-efficacy and psychological well-being during COVID-19 pandemic process: Comparison of private and public sector employees. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 241–260.
11.
CinS.HoşgörH. (2020). Life satisfaction and burnout levels of intensive care nurses caring for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. In DemirH.BaşkanC. (Eds.), Health sciences current research and new trends (pp. 494–504). IVPE.
12.
DamirchiE. S.MojarradA.PireinaladinS.GrjibovskiA. M. (2020). The role of self-talk in predicting death anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and coping strategies in the face of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 15(3), 182–188.
13.
DienerE.DienerM. (1995). Cross-cultural correlates of life satisfaction and self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(4), 653–663.
14.
DienerE.EmmonsR. A.LarsenR. J.GriffinS. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75.
15.
DienerE.WirtzD.Biswas-DienerR.TovW.Kim-PrietoC.ChoiD., et al. (2009). New measures of well-being. Social Indicators Research Series, 39, 247–266.
16.
DymeckaJ.GerymskiR.Machnik-CzerwikA. (2021). How does stress affect our life satisfaction during COVID-19 pandemic? Moderated mediation analysis of sense of coherence and fear of coronavirus. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 1–9.https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2021.1906436
17.
FerrerR. A.KleinW. M. (2015). Risk perceptions and health behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 85–89.
18.
GokdemirO.PakH.BakolaM.BhattacharyaS.HoedebeckeK.JelastopuluE. (2020). Family physicians’ knowledge about and attitudes towards COVID-19 a cross-sectional multicentric study. Infection & Chemotherapy, 52(4), 539–549.
19.
GoriniA.FiabaneE.SommarugaM.BarbieriS.SottotettiF.La RovereM. T.GabanelliP. (2020). Mental health and risk perception among Italian healthcare workers during the second month of the Covid-19 pandemic. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(6), 537–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.10.007
20.
HassanZ.UllahA. R.AliI.AqeelS.KhanJ. Z.Ali ShahS. Z.ZebA.HussainA. (2020). Knowledge, risk perception and information sources regarding COVID-19 among allied healthcare workers in Peshawar.Annals of King Edward Medical University, 26(Special Issue), 269–275.
21.
IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences. (2014). SPSS statistics for windows, version 22. IBM Corp.
22.
JeongH.YimH. W.SongY. J.KiM.MinJ. A.ChoJ.ChaeJ. H. (2016). Mental health status of people isolated due to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome. Epidemiology and Health, 38, e2016048. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2016048
23.
KangL.MaS.ChenM.YangJ.WangY.LiR.YaoL.BaiH.CaiZ.YangB. X. (2020). Impact on mental health and perceptions of psychological care among medical and nursing staff in Wuhan during the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Brain Behavior and Immunity, 87, 11–17.
24.
KaplanoğluE. (2014). The basic causes and potential consequences of occupational stress: A study of certifıed public accountants in Manisa province. The Journal of Accounting and Finance, 64, 131–150.
25.
KasprzakE. (2010). Perceived social support and life satisfaction. Polish Psychological Bulletin, 41(4), 144–154.
26.
KavaklıM.AkM.UğuzF.TürkmenO. O. (2020). The mediating role of self-compassion in the relationship between perceived COVID-19 threat and death anxiety. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 23(Supp1), 15–23.
27.
KeyesC. L.ShmotkinD.RyffC. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022.
28.
KhanalP.DevkotaN.DahalM.PaudelK.JoshiD. (2020). Mental health impacts among health workers during COVID-19 in a low resource setting: A cross-sectional survey from Nepal.Globalization and Health, 16(89), 1–12.
29.
KhosraviM. (2020). Perceived risk of COVID-19 pandemic: The role of public worry and trust. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(4), em203.
30.
KimA. W.NyengeraiT.MendenhallE. (2020). Evaluating the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived risk of COVID-19 infection and childhood trauma predict adult depressive symptoms in urban South Africa. Psychological Medicine, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291720003414
31.
KökerS. (1991). Comparison of life satisfaction levels of normal and problematic adolescents [Master thesis]. Ankara University/Turkey.
32.
KrokD.ZarzyckaB. (2020). Risk perception of COVID-19, meaning-based resources and psychological well-being amongst healthcare personnel: The mediating role of coping. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(10), 3225.
33.
LaiJ.MaS.WangY.CaiZ.HuJ.WeiN.WuJ.DuH.ChenT.LiR. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976.
34.
MaslakçıA.SürücüL.SesenH. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and work-quality of life among nurses: The mediating role of psychological well-being. Management Science Letters, 11(7), 1985–1990.
35.
NaserA. Y.DahmashE. Z.Al-RousanR.AlwafiH.AlrawashdehH. M.GhoulI.AbidineA.BokharyM. A., et al. (2020). Mental health status of the general population, healthcare professionals, and university students during 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak in Jordan: A cross-sectional study. Brain and Behavior, 10(8), e01730.
36.
NeimeyerR. A.MoserR. P.WittkowskiJ. (2003). Assessing attitudes toward dying and death: Psychometric considerations. OMEGA—Journal of Death and Dying, 47(1), 45–76
37.
NetoM. L. R.AlmeidaH. G.JDaE.NobreC. B.PinheiroW. R.de OliveiraC. R. T.da Costa SousaI., et al. (2020). When health professionals look death in the eye: The mental health of professionals who deal daily with the 2019 coronavirus outbreak. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112972.
38.
NickellL. A.CrightonE. J.TracyC. S.Al-EnazyH.BolajiY.HanjrahS.HussainA.MakhloufS.UpshurR. E. (2004). Psychosocial effects of SARS on hospital staff: Survey of a large tertiary care institution. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 170(5), 793–798.
PekerA.CengizS.Nebioğlu YıldızM. (2021). The mediation relationship between life satisfaction and subjective vitality fear of covid-19 and problematic internet use. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(2), 199–206. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.92259
41.
PetzoldM. B.BendauA.PlagJ.PyrkoschL.Mascarell MaricicL.BetzlerF., . . . StröhleA. (2020). Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain and Behavior, 10(9), e01745.
42.
QiuJ.ShenB.ZhaoM.WangZ.XieB.XuY. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213.
43.
QueJ.ShiL.DengJ.LiuJ.ZhangL.WuS.GongY.HuangW.YuanK.YanW.SunY.RanM.BaoY.LuL. (2020). Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare workers: A cross-sectional study in China. General Psychiatry, 33(3), e100259.
44.
RajkumarR. P. (2020). COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(20), 102066.
45.
ReynoldsD. L.GarayJ. R.DeamondS. L.MoranM. K.GoldW.StyraR. (2008). Understanding, compliance and psychological impact of the SARS quarantine experience. Epidemiology & Infection, 136(7), 997–1007.
46.
RoothmanB.KirstenD. K.WissingM. P. (2003). Gender differences in aspects of psychological well-being. South African Journal of Psychology, 33(4), 212–218.
47.
RyffC. D.KeyesC. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719–727.
48.
SarıkayaY. (2013). The development, validity and reliability of the death anxiety scale [Master thesis]. Gaziosmanpaşa University/Turkey.
49.
SarıkayaY.BaloğluM. (2016). The development and psychometric properties of the Turkish death anxiety scale (TDAS). Death Studies, 40(7), 419–431.
50.
ŞensoyN.Kurttaş ÇolakP.DoğanN. (2020). The relationship between psychological well-being level and virtual environment loneliness level in health workers. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 24(1), 41–50.
51.
SimioneL.GnagnarellaC. (2020). Differences between health workers and general population in risk perception, behaviors, and psychological distress related to COVID-19 spread in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 4(11), 2166.
52.
ŞimşekE. (2011). The effects of organizational communication and personality traits on life satisfaction [Doctoral thesis]. Anadolu University/Turkey.
53.
SinghD.GuptaK.BakhshiA. (2020). Covid-19 and life satisfaction: An exploratory study among youth. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 8(2), 350–355.
54.
SpoorthyM. S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-a review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102119.
55.
TekinH. (1991). Measurement and evaluation in education. Yargı Publishing.
56.
TelefB. B. (2013). The adaptation of psychological well-being into Turkish: A validity and reliability study. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 28(3), 374–384
57.
ThorsonJ. A.PowellF. C. (1988). Elements of death anxiety and meanings of death. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44(5), 691–701.
58.
TrzebińskiJ.CabańskiM.CzarneckaJ. Z. (2020). Reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic: The influence of meaning in life, life satisfaction, and assumptions on world orderliness and positivity. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6-7), 544–557.
World Health Organization. (2020b). WHOcoronavirus disease (COVID-19) dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
62.
WuP.FangY.GuanZ.BanB.KongJ.YaoZ.LiuX.FullerC. F.SusserE.LuJ.HovenC. W. (2009). The psychological impact of the SARS epidemic on hospital employees in China: Exposure, risk perception, and altruistic acceptance of risk.The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 54(5), 302–311.
63.
Yavaş ÇelikM. (2021). The effect of staying at home due to COVID-19 outbreak on nursing students’ life satisfaction and social competencies. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 57(2), 655–659. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppc.12590
YıldırımM.GülerA. (2020b). Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness. Personality and Individual Differences, 168, 110347.
66.
ZhangJ.LuH.ZengH.ZhangS.DuQ.JiangT.DuB. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 49–50.
