This paper argues that the greater part of economic growth can be accounted for by the accumulation of human and physical capital.
The role of externalities is relatively small. This view is defended by reviewing the most sophisticated growth accounting studies and
also by presenting some new evidence on the growth of total factor productivity in 53 countries over the period 1965 to 1990.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Arrow, K.J. (1962), 'The economic implications of learning by doing' , Review of Economic Studies, vol. 80, pp. 155-173.
2.
Auerbach, A.J., K.A. Hassett, and S.D. Oliner (1994), 'Reassessing the social returns to equipment investment' , Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. CIX (August), pp. 789-802.
3.
Bank of England (1995), Inflation Report: November 1995, Bank of England: London.
4.
Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martin (1995), Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill:New York.
5.
Barro, R. and J.-W. Lee (1993), 'International comparisons of education attainment' , Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 32, pp. 363-394.
6.
Bernard, A.B. and S.N. Durlauf (1996), 'Interpreting tests of the convergence hypothesis' , Journal of Econometrics, vol. 71 (March/April), pp. 161-173.
7.
Blomström, M., R.E. Lipsey, and M. Zejan (1996), 'Is fixed investment the key to economic growth ?' Quarterly Journal o f Economics, vol. CXI (February), pp. 269-276.
8.
Boskin Commission [Advisory Commission to Study the Consumer Price Index] (1996), Towards a More Accurate Measure of the Cost of Living, final report to the Committee on Finance of the US Senate.
9.
Caballero, R.J. and R.K. Lyons (1992), 'External effects in US procyclical productivity' , Journal o f Monetary Economics, vol. 29, pp. 209-225.
10.
Collins, S.M. and B.P. Bosworth, (1996), 'Economic growth in East Asia: accumulation versus assimilation', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, vol. 2, pp. 135-203.
11.
Crafts, N. (1992), 'Productivity growth reconsidered', Economic Policy, vol. 15 (October), pp. 387-414.
12.
Crafts, N. (1996), "Post neo-classical growth theory': what are its policy implications?', Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 12 (2), pp. 30-47.
13.
DeLong, J.B. and L. Summers (1991), 'Equipment investment and economic growth', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. CVI (May), pp. 445-502.
14.
DeLong, J.B. and L. Summers (1992), 'Equipment investment and economic growth: how strong is the nexus?', Brookings Papers on Economic Activity , vol. 2, pp.157-211.
15.
DeLong, J.B. and L. Summers (1994), 'Equipment investment and economic growth: reply' , Quarterly Journal o f Economics, vol. CIX (August), pp. 803-807.
Domar, E.D. (1961), 'On the measurement of technological change', Economic Journal, vol. LXXI, pp. 709-729.
18.
Englander, A.S. and A. Gurney (1994), 'Medium term determinants of OECD productivity' , OECD Economic Studies, no. 22, (Spring), pp. 49-109.
19.
Feenstra, R.C. (1991), 'New product varieties and the measurement of international prices', American Economic Review, vol. LXXXIV (March), pp.157-177.
20.
Gordon, R.J. (1990), The Measurement of Durable Goods Prices, Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.
21.
Griliches, Z. (1992), 'The search for R&D spillovers', Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol. 94 (3), Supplement, pp. 529-547.
22.
Griliches, Z. (1994), 'Productivity and the data constraint', American Economic Review, vol. 84 (March), pp. 1-23.
23.
Grossman, G.M. and E. Helpman (1994), 'Endogenous innovation in the theory of growth' , Journal o f Economic Perspectives, vol. 8 (Winter), pp. 23-44.
24.
Hicks, J.R. (1940), 'The valuation of the social income', Economica, vol. VII, pp. 105-124.
25.
Hall, B.H. (1996), 'The private and social returns to research and development', in B. Smith and C. Barfield (eds), Technology, R &D and the Economy, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution and American Enterprise Institute.
26.
Islam, N. (1995), 'Growth empirics: a panel data approach', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. CX (November), pp. 1127-1170.
27.
Jones, C.I. (1995), 'R & D-based models of economic growth', Journal of Political Economy, vol.103, pp. 759-784.
28.
Jorgenson, D.W. (1966), 'The embodiment hypothesis', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 74, pp. 1-17.
29.
Jorgenson, D.W. (1990), 'Productivity and economic growth', in Fifty Years of Economic Measurement: the Jubilee of the Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, edited by E.R. Berndt and J.E. Triplett.Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press .
30.
Jorgenson, D.W., EM Gollop, and B.M. Fraumeni (1987), Productivity and US Economic Growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
31.
Jorgenson, D.W. and Z. Griliches (1967), 'The explanation of productivity change', Review of Economic Studies, vol. 34, pp. 249-283.
32.
Lucas, R.E. (1988), 'On the mechanics of economic development', Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. 22, pp. 3-42.
33.
Lucas R.E. (1993), 'Making a miracle', Econometrica , vol. 61, pp. 251-272.
34.
Maddison, A. (1996) 'Macroeconomic accounts for European countries' , in N. Crafts and B. van Ark (eds), Quantitative Aspects of Post-War European Economic Growth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
35.
Mayes, D.G. and Young, G. (1993), 'Industrial investment and economic policy', National Institute Discussion Paper no. 56.
36.
Oulton, N. (1993), 'Widening the human stomach: the effect of new consumer goods on economic growth and leisure', Oxford Economic Papers, vol. 45, pp. 364-386.
37.
Oulton, N. (1995a), 'Depreciation, obsolescence and the role of capital in growth accounting', Bulletin of Economic Research, vol. 47, pp. 21-34.
38.
Oulton, N. (1995b), 'Supply side reform and UK economic growth: what happened to the miracle?', National Institute Economic Review , no. 154 (November), pp. 53-70.
39.
Oulton, N. (1996), 'Increasing returns and externalities in UK manufacturing: myth or reality?', Journal of Industrial Economics, vol. XLIV (March), pp. 99-113.
40.
Oulton, N. and M. O'Mahony (1994), Productivity and Growth: A Study of British Industry, 1954-1986, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
41.
Oulton, N. and G. Young (1996), 'How high is the social rate of return to investment ?', Oxford Review o f Economic Policy, vol.12 (2), pp. 48-69.
42.
Pack, H. (1994), 'Endogenous growth theory: intellectual appeal and empirical shortcomings', Journal of Economic Perspectives , vol. 8 (Winter), pp. 55-72.
43.
Psacharopoulos, G. (1994), 'Returns to investment in education: a global update', World Development, vol. 22(9), pp. 1325-1343.
44.
Quah, D. (1996), 'Twin peaks: growth and convergence in models of distribution dynamics', Economic Journal, vol.106 (July), pp. 1045-1055.
45.
Romer, P. (1987a), 'Crazy explanations for the productivity slowdown', NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 1987, vol. 1, pp. 163-201.
46.
Romer, P. (1987b), 'Growth based on increasing returns due to specialisation' , American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, vol. 77, pp. 56-62.
47.
Romer, P.M. (1994), 'The origins of endogenous growth', Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 8 (Winter), pp. 3-22.
48.
Romer, P.M. (1990), 'Endogenous technical change', Journal of Political Economy, vol. 98 (October), pp. S71-S102.
49.
Sala-i-Martin, X. (1996), 'The classical approach to convergence analysis' , Economic Journal, vol. 106 (July), pp. 1019-1036.
50.
Scott, M.Fg. (1989), A New View of Economic Growth, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
51.
Shapiro, M.J. and Wilcox, D.W. (1996), 'Mismeasurement in the consumer price index: an evaluation', NBER Macroeconomics Annual 1996, pp. 93-142. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
52.
Solow, R.M. (1957), 'Technical change and the aggregate production function', Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 39, pp. 312-320.
53.
Solow, R.M. (1994), 'Perspectives on growth theory', Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 8 (Winter),pp . 45-54.
54.
Silverman, B.W. (1986), Density Estimation for Statistics and Data Analysis , London: Chapman and Hall.
55.
Steedman, H. (1996), 'Measuring the quality of educational outputs: a note', LSE Centre for Economic Performance, Discussion Paper no. 302.
56.
Summers, R., and A. Heston (1991), 'The Penn World Table (Mark 5): an expanded set of international comparisons, 1950-88', Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. CVI, pp. 327-336.
57.
Young, A. (1995),'The tyranny of numbers: confronting the realities of the East Asian growth experience', Quarterly Journal o f Economics, vol. CX (August), pp. 641-680.