What Are Music Educators Doing and How Well Are We Doing It?

Paul D. Lehrman , "Do You Hear What I Hear?" Mix (June 2005), 148.

Bennett Reimer , "Music Education for Cultural Empowerment" (paper presented at the International Music Education Policy Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, April 17, 2004). See also www.menc.org/connect/conf/imeps/symposium_Reimer.html.

Lee Bartel , Questioning the Music Education Paradigm, vol. 2 of Research to Practice, a Biennial Series (Toronto: Canadian Music Educators Association, 2005).

Norma J. Kirkland , "South Carolina Schools and Goals 2000: National Standards in Music" (PhD diss., University of South Carolina, Columbia, 1996).

Evelyn K. Orman , "Comparison of the National Standards for Music Education and Elementary Music Specialists' Use of Class Time," Journal of Research in Music Education 50, no. 2 (Summer 2002): 155-64.

Al D. Holcomb , "An Investigation of the Concurrent Validity of the Discipline-Based Professional Teaching Standards of Teachers of Music in Connecticut" (PhD diss., University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT, 2003).

Connecticut State Department of Education , "Discipline-Based Professional Teaching Standards for Teachers of Music," Common Core of Teaching ( 1999), http://www.sde.ct.gov/sde/cwp/view.asp?a=2618&q=320862 .

Harold Abeles and Rob Horowitz , "The School Music Curriculum: The National Standards Reflected in Practice" (paper presented at the MENC Eastern Division Conference, New York, NY, February 26-28, 1999).

Susan Byo , "Classroom Teachers' and Music Specialists' Perceived Ability to Implement the National Standards for Music Education," Journal of Research in Music Education 47, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 111-23.

Jere L. Forsythe , "Elementary Student Attending Behavior as a Function of Classroom Activities," Journal of Research in Music Education 25, no. 3 (Fall 1977): 228-39; Michael J. Wagner and Eileen P. Strul , "Comparisons of Beginning Versus Experienced Elementary Music Educators in the Use of Teaching Time," Journal of Research in Music Education 27, no. 2 (Summer 1979 ): 113-25; Randall S. Moore , "Comparative Use of Teaching Time by American and British Elementary Music Specialists," Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 66-67 (1981): 62-68; Randall S. Moore , "Effects of Age, Sex, and Activity on Children's Attentiveness in Elementary School Music Classes," in Applications of Research in Music Behavior, ed. Clifford K. Madsen and Carol A. Prickett, 26-31 (Tuscaloosa : University of Alabama Press, 1987 ).

For music education advocacy topics on the MENC Web site, see www.menc.org/information/advocacy/main.html.

Bennett Reimer , A Philosophy of Music Education, 2nd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1989), 182.

Charles R. Hoffer , "Enrollment Trends in Secondary School Music Courses," Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 63 (Summer 1980): 20-24; W Vance Grant , "Offerings and Enrollments in Public High Schools," American Education 21, no. 1 (1985): 28; Perry A. Castelli , "Attitudes of Vocal Music Educators and Public Secondary School Students on Selected Factors Which Influence a Decline in Male Enrollment Occurring between Elementary and Secondary Public School Vocal Music Programs" (PhD diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 1986); National Center for Education Statistics, National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1988), www.nces.gov/surveys/nels88; Linda A. Hartley , "Influence of Starting Grade and School Organization on Enrollment and Retention in Beginning Instrumental Music," Journal of Research in Music Education 44, no. 4 (Winter 1996): 304-18; Chris Moran , "Low Note Sounds for Music Education," The San Diego Union-Tribune , November 19, 2004, www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041119/news_7ml9music.html (accessed September 4, 2006).

National Center for Education Statistics , "Public School Student, Staff, and Graduate Counts by State" ( Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 2002), http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2002/snfreport/table-IO.asp (accessed September 4, 2006).

For a look at the profession as one interested in maintaining the current state of affairs, see Eric Shieh and Colleen Conway's chapter , "An Examination of Beginning Music Teacher Mentor and Induction Practices," in Questioning the Music Education Paradigm, ed. Lee Bartel (Toronto: Canadian Music Educators Association, 2005), 162-78.

Reimer , "Cultural Empowerment." 17. Edwin C. Kruth , "Student Drop-out in Instrumental Music in the Secondary Schools of Oakland, California" (PhD diss., Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 1964); Barbara J. Solly , "A Study of Attrition from the Instrumental Music Program in Moving between Grade Levels in Cherry Hill, New Jersey" (PhD diss., Temple University , Philadelphia, PA, 1986).

Hal A. Bergan , "A Study of Drop-outs in Instrumental Music in Five Selected Schools in Michigan" (PhD diss., Michigan State University, Lansing, 1957); George J. Casey , "A Study of Instrumental Music Drop-outs of Moline (Illinois) Schools" (PhD diss., Colorado State College, Fort Collins, 1964); Kruth , "Student Drop-out in Oakland, California"; Anthony J. Martignetti , "Causes of Elementary Instrumental Music Drop-outs," Journal of Research in Music Education 13, no. 3 (Fall 1965): 177-83; Larry D. Rawlins , "A Study of the Reasons for Students Dropping Out of the Instrumental Music Program of the Lincoln, Nebraska, Public Schools" (PhD diss., University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1979); Solly , "Attrition in Cherry Hill, New Jersey"; Hartley , "Beginning Instrumental Music."

For more on music participation from this time, see Michael L. Mark and Charles L. Gary , A History of American Music Education, 2nd ed. ( Reston, VA : Menc , 1999), especially Chapter 8, "The Beginnings of Music in American Schools," 137-61.■