4. Earwitness Testimony

Bothwell R. Deffenbacher K. Brigham J. (1987) Correlation of eyewitness accuracy and confidence: optimality hypothesis revisited. J. Applied Psychol. 72, 691–5.

Bull R. (1981) Voice identification by man and machine: a review of research. In: Lloyd-Bostock S. (ed.) Psychology in Legal Contexts. London, MacMillan.

Bull R. Clifford B.R. (1984) Earwitness voice recognition accuracy. In: Wells G. Loftus E. (eds) Eyewitness Testimony: Psychological Perspectives. New York, Cambridge University Press.

Bull R. Clifford B. (1999) Earwitness testimony. In: Heaton-Armstrong A. Shepherd E. Wolchover D. (eds) Analysing Witness Testimony. London, Blackstone.

Bull R. Rathborn H. Clifford B.R. (1983) The voice recognition accuracy of blind listeners. Perception 12, 223–6.

Clifford B.R. (1980) Voice identification by human listeners: on earwitness reliability. Law & Human Behavior 4, 373–94.

Clifford B.R. (1983) Memory for voices: the feasibility and quality of earwitness evidence. In: Lloyd-Bostock S. Clifford B.R. (eds) Evaluating Witness Evidence. Chichester, Wiley, pp. 189–218.

Clifford B.R. (1997) A Comparison of Adults' and Children's Face and Voice Identification. Paper presented at the 5th European Congress of Psychology, July 6–11. Dublin, Ireland.

Clifford B.R. Bullock G. (1997) Face and voice identification by children under sequential and simultaneous line-ups. Legal & Criminological Psychol, (under review).

Clifford B.R. Denot H. (1982) Visual and Verbal Testimony and Identification under Conditions of Stress. Unpublished manuscript, North East London Polytechnic.

Clifford B.R. Gwyer P. (1997) Is the confidence-accuracy relationship a function of ‘easy items’? Br. J. Psychol, (under review).

Clifford B.R. Toplis R. (1996) A comparison of adults' and children's witnessing abilities. In: Clark N. Stephenson G. (eds) Investigative and Forensic Decision-making: Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology. Leicester, BPS.

Clifford B.R. Bull R. Rathborn H. (1980) Voice Identification. Report (Res. 741/1/1) to the Home Office.

Clifford B.R. Rathborn H. Bull R. (1981) The effects of delay on voice recognition accuracy. Law & Human Behavior 5, 201–5.

Cook S. Wilding J. (1997a) Earwitness testimony: never mind the variety, hear the length. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 11, 95–111.

Cook S. Wilding J. (1997b) Earwitness testimony 2: voices, faces and context. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 11, 527–41.

Deffenbacher K. Cross J. Handkins R. Chance J. Goldstein A. Hammersley R. Read J.D. (1989) Relevance of voice identification research to criteria for evaluating reliability of an identification. J. Psychol. 123, 109–19.

Devlin Honorable Lord Patrick (chair) (1976) Report to the Secretary of State for the Home Department of the Departmental Committee on Evidence of Identification in Criminal Cases. London, HMSO.

Hammersley R. Read J.D. (1996) Voice identification by humans and computers. In: Sporer S. Malpass R. Koehnken G. (eds) Psychological Issues in Eyewitness Identification. Manwah, NJ, Erlbaum.

Hollein H. Bennett G. Geifer M. (1983) Criminal identification comparison: aural versus visual identifications resulting from a simulated crime. J. Forens. Sci. 28, 208–21.

Hollein H. Huntley R. Künzel H. Hollein P. (1995) Criteria for earwitness line-ups. Forens. Linguistics 2, 143–53.

Hollins T. Perfect T. (1997) Methodological differences make a difference when evaluating eyewitness confidence. Expert Evidence 5, 43–8.

Künzel H. (1994) On the problem of speaker identification by victims and witnesses. Forensic Linguistics 30, 45–57.

Legge G. Grossman C. Pieper C. (1984) Learning unfamiliar voices. J. Experimental Psychol: Learning, Memory & Cognition 10, 298–303.

McAllister H. Dale R. Bregman N. McCabe A. Cotton C. (1993) When eyewitnesses are also earwitnesses: effects on visual and voice identification. Basic & Applied Social Psychol. 14, 161–70.

McAllister H. Dale R. Keay C. (1993) Effects of line-up modality on witness credibility. J. Social Psychol. 133, 365–76.

McGehee F. (1937) The reliability of the identification of the human voice. J. General Psychol. 17, 249–71.

McGehee F. (1944) An experimental investigation of voice recognition. J. General Psychol. 31, 53–65.

Orchard T. Yarmey A.D. (1995) The effects of whispers, voice-sample duration and voice distinctiveness on criminal speaker identification. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 9, 249–60.

Papcun C. Kreiman J. Davis A. (1989) Long-term memory for unfamiliar voices. J. Acoustical Society of America 85, 913–25.

Rathborn H. Bull R. Clifford B.R. (1981) Voice recognition over the telephone. J. Police Sci. & Admin. 9, 280–4.

Read D. Craik F. (1995) Earwitness identification: some influences on voice recognition. J. Experimental Psychol: Applied 1, 6–18.

Reich A. Duke J. (1979) Effects of selected vocal disguises upon speaker identification by listeners. J. Acoustical Society of America 66, 1023–8.

Roebuck R. Wilding J. (1993) Effects of vowel variety and sample length on identification of a speaker in a line-up. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 7, 475–81.

Saslove H. Yarmey A. (1980) Long-term auditory memory: speaker identification. J. Applied Psychol. 65, 111–16.

Wallendael L. Surace A. Parsons D. Brown M. (1994) Earwitness voice recognition: factors affecting accuracy and impact on jurors. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 8, 661–77.

Winograd E. Kerr N. Spence M. (1984) Voice recognition: effect of orienting task, and a test of blind versus sighted listeners. Am. J. Psychol. 97, 57–70.

Yarmey A.D. (1991) Voice identification over the telephone. J. Applied Social Psychol. 21, 1868–76.

Yarmey A.D. (1995a) Earwitness and evidence obtained by other senses. In: Bull R. Carson D. (eds) Handbook of Psychology in Legal Contexts. Chichester, Wiley.

Yarmey A.D. (1995b) Earwitness speaker identification. Psychol. Public Policy & Law 1, 792–816.

Yarmey A.D. Matthys E. (1992) Voice identification of an abductor. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 6, 367–77.

Yarmey A.D. Yarmey L. Yarmey M. (1994) Face and voice identifications in show-ups and line-ups. Applied Cognitive Psychol. 8, 453–64.