Psychiatric in-patient suicides were traced from the hospital death register for the 21-year period 1973 to 1993. Suicide rates for each of the 21 years were calculated and an overall rate of 3.68 per 1,000 admissions was found. Suicide rates for the period after 1987 were significantly lower than for the period before 1987. However, there was a significant upward trend during the last three years of the study period.
The role of the new Mental Health Act (introduced in 1987) on reducing the suicide rate and the effects of the amalgamation of three hospitals on increasing the rate are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Anonymous (1977) A suicide epidemic in a psychiatric hospital. Dis. Nerv. System38, 327–31.
2.
Australian Bureau of Statistics (1989) Melbourne Facts and Figures: A Comparative Guide to Local Statistics. Melbourne, VGPO.
3.
Barner-RasmussenP.DupontA.BilleH. (1986) Suicide in psychiatric patients in Denmark, 1971–1981. 1. Demographic and diagnostic description. Acta Psych. Scand.73, 441–8.
4.
BeskowJ. (1987) The prevention of suicide while in psychiatric care. Acta Psych. Scand.76(suppl. 336), 66–75.
5.
BeskowJ. (1989) Completed suicides by patients in medical services. In: CooperB.HlgasonT. (eds) Epidemiology and Prevention of Mental Disorders. London, Routledge, pp. 290–305.
6.
CopasJ. B.RobinsA. (1982) Suicide in psychiatric in-patients. Br. J. Psychiat.141, 503–11.
7.
CrammerJ. L. (1983) In-patients sometimes kill themselves. Psychiat. Bull.7, 2–4.
8.
CrammerH. (1984) The special characteristics of suicide in hospital in-patients. Br. J. Psychiat.145, 460–2.
9.
EvensonR. C.WoodJ. B.NuttallE. A.ChoD. W. (1982) Suicide rates among public mental health patients. Acta Psych. Scand.66, 154–264.
10.
FarberowN. L.GanzierS.CutterF.ReynoldsD. (1971) An eight-year survey of hospital suicides. Life Threatening Behaviour1, 184–202.
11.
FernandoS.StormV. (1984) Suicide among patients of a district general hospital. Psychol. Med.14, 661–72.
12.
GaleS. W.MeskinoffA.FineJ.TalbottJ. A. (1980) A study of suicides in a state hospital in New York City. Psychiat. Quarterly52, 201–13.
13.
GohS. E.SalmonsP.WhittingtonR. M. (1989) Hospital suicides: are there preventable factors? Profile of psychiatric hospital suicide. Br. J. Psychiat.154, 247–9.
14.
GoldneyR. D.PositanoS.SpenceN. D.RosenmanS. J. (1985) Suicide in association with psychiatric hospitalisation. Aust. and N. Z. J. Psychiat.19, 177–83.
15.
GorencK. D.BrunnerC. A. (1985) Suicidal behaviour among patients in Bavarian mental hospitals. Acta Psych. Scand.71, 468–78.
16.
HankoffL. (1980) Suicidal behaviour in the institutional setting. J. Psychiat. Treatment and Evaluation2, 19–24.
17.
JamesI. P.LevinS. (1964) Suicide following discharge from psychiatric hospital. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.10, 43–6.
18.
KrollJ. L. (1978) Self-destructive behaviour on an in-patient ward. J. Nerv, and Ment. Dis.166, 429–34.
19.
KullgrenG. (1988) Factors associated with completed suicide in borderline personality disorder. J. Nerv. and Ment. Dis.176, 40–4.
20.
LangleyG. E.BayattiN. N. (1984) Suicides in Exe Vale Hospital, 1972–1981. Br. J. Psychiat.145, 463–7.
21.
LimL. C. C.SimL. P. (1988) A study of psychiatric in-patient suicides in Singapore. Singapore Med. J.29, 141–4.
22.
MedlicottR.W.MedlicottP. A. W. (1969) Suicide in and after discharge from a private psychiatric hospital over a period of eighty-six years. Aust andN. Z. J. Psychiat.3, 137–44.
23.
Mental Health Act 1986. (1986) Melbourne, Victoria Government Publication.
24.
ModestinJ. (1989) Completed in-patient suicides in psychiatric in-patients. Int. J. Geriatric Psychiat.4, 209–14.
25.
ModestinJ.HoffmannH. (1989) Completed suicide in psychiatric in-patients and former in-patients. Acta Psych. Scand.79, 129–234.
26.
ModestinJ.WaldvogelD. (1992) A study of suicide in schizophrenic in-patients. Br. J. Psychiat.160, 398–401.
27.
MorganH. G. (1992) Suicide prevention: hazards in the fast lane to community care. Br. J. Psychiat.160, 149–53.
28.
MorganH. G.PriestP. (1984) Assessment of suicide risk in psychiatric in-patients. Br. J. Psychiat.145, 467–9.
29.
MorganH. G.PriestP. (1991) Suicide and other unexpected deaths among psychiatric in-patients: the Bristol confidential enquiry. Br. J. Psychiat.158, 368–74.
30.
MyersD. H.NealC. D. (1978) Suicide in psychiatric patients. Br. J. Psychiat.133, 38–44.
31.
Perera (1994) Personal communication.
32.
PokornyA. D. (1983) Prediction of suicides in psychiatric patients. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.40, 249–57.
33.
ReadD. A.ThomasC. S.MellsopG. W. (1993) Suicide among psychiatric in-patients in the Wellington region. Aust. and N. Z. J. Psychiat.27, 392–8.
34.
RoyA. (1982) Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br. J. Psychiat.141, 171–7.
35.
SalmonsP. (1984) Suicide in high buildings. Br. J. Psychiat.145, 469–72.
36.
SchwartzD. A. (1975) Suicide in psychiatric hospitals. Am. J. Psychiat.132, 150–3.
37.
ShahA. K. (1993) An increase in violent behaviour among psychiatric in-patients: real or apparent?Med. Sci. Law.33, 227–30.
38.
ShahA. K.GanesvaranT. (1994) Suicide in the elderly. In: ChiuE.AmesD. (eds). Functional Disorders in the Elderly. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 221–44.
39.
ShahA. K.GanesvaranT. (1996) Suicide among psychogeriatric in-patients. Int. J. Geriatric Psychiat. In Press.
40.
ShawS.SimsA. (1984) A survey of unexpected deaths among psychiatric in-patients and ex-patients. Br. J. Psychiat.145, 473–6
Sundquist-StensmanU. B. (1987) Suicide in close connection with psychiatric care: an analysis of 57 cases in a Swedish county. Acta Psych. Scand.76, 15–20.
43.
Svilans (1994) Personal communication.
44.
WolfersdorfM.KellerF.Schmidt-MichelP.WeiskittelC.VogelR.HoleG. (1988) Are hospital suicides on the increase? A survey of reports on hospital suicides in the psychiatric literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. Social Psychiat. and Psychiat. Epidem.23, 207–16.