Criminality in the elderly, and its relation to psychiatric disorder is reviewed. Crime in Western countries is rare in the elderly, considering their numbers. Few studies involve elderly offenders and most are in selected groups, so prevalence of mental illness in this group, and criminal outcome, are poorly understood. With a growing elderly population in major Western countries in the next two decades this is surprising.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AdamsM. E.VedderC. B. (1960) Age and crime: medical and sociologic characteristics of prisoners over 50. Geriatrics15, 179–80.
2.
AdamsM. E.VedderC. B. (1961) Age and crime: medical and sociologic characteristics of prisoners over 50. Geriatrics16, 180.
3.
ArieffA. J.BowieC. G. (1947) Clinical and Exptl. Psychopathology8, 56.
4.
AtkinsonR. M.KofoedL. C. (1984) Substance use and abuse in old age. Substance Abuse2, 1–12.
5.
BennettH. M. (1968) Criminal Law Review. p. 413.
6.
BergmannK.KayD. W. K.FosterE. (1971) ‘A follow-up study of randomly selected community residents to assess the effects of chronic brain syndrome and cerebrovascular disease.’ Proceedings of the V World Congress of Psychiatry, Mexico. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica.
7.
BergmanS.AmirM. (1973) Crime and delinquency among the aged in Israel. Geriatrics28, 149–57.
8.
BergmanS.AmirM. (1973) Crime and delinquency among the aged in Israel; an experience survey. Isr. Ann. Psychiatry11, 33–48.
9.
BlackburnR. (1968) Brit. J. Psych.114, 1301.
10.
BloseI. L. (1978) The relationship of alcohol to ageing and the elderly. Alcoholism. Clin. Exper. Res.2, 17–21.
11.
BluglassR. (1979) The Psychiatric Assessment of Homicide. Br. J. Hosp. Med. October.
12.
BluglassR. S. (1967) A Forensic Psychiatry Service at H. M. Prison, Perth. MD Thesis.
13.
BradfordJ. (1982) Shoplifting: is there a specific psychiatric syndrome?Can. J. Psych.24 (8), 648–54.
14.
BrownG.HarrisT. (1978) The Social Origins of Depression.London, Tavistock.
15.
CaldwellG. (1956) Criminology, Ronald PressN.Y., p. 200.
16.
CameronM. (1964) Department Store Shoplifting: The Booster and the Snitch.New York, Free Press.
17.
CavadinoP. (1980) Bottom of the pile—the plight of the elderly homeless offender. New AgeSummer, 26–7.
18.
CavanR. S. (1955) Criminology.New York, Thomas Y. Crowell, p. 47.
19.
Central Statistical Office (1979) ‘Social Trends’, No. 9. London, HMSO.
20.
ChiswickD. (1983) Sex Crimes. Br. J. Psych.143, 236–42.
21.
ChristianssenK. O. (1965) Recidivism among sexual offenders. In: Scandinavian Studies in Criminology, Vol. 1. (ed. ChristianssenK. O.) London, Tavistock.
22.
CohenL. E.StarkR. (1974) Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency11, 25.
23.
Criminal Statistics in England and Wales 1970-85. London, HMSO.
24.
DaltonK. (1961) Br. Med. J.2, 1752.
25.
DaltonK. (1977) The Premenstrual Syndrome and Progesterone Therapy.London, Heinemann, p. 133.
26.
DellS.ParkerE. (1979) Special hospital case register—triennial statistics 1972–4. In: Special Hospitals Case Register. Special Hospitals Research Report, No. 15 London: Special Hospitals Research Unit.
27.
Dell'AmoreD. (1937) Della delinquenza senile. Rivista Sper. di Freniat.16, 137.
28.
D'OrbanP. T. (1971) Social and psychiatric aspects of female crime. Med., Sci. Law11, 104–16.
29.
DriverM. V. (1974) Clinical and EEG studies of prisoners charged with murder. Br. J. Psych.125, 583–7.
30.
EastN. W. (1951) Society and the Criminal. Springfield, Ill., Charles. C. Thomas, pp. 73–4.
31.
EdwardsG. (1971) Drinking problems among recidivist prisoners. Psycholog. Med.1, 388–99.
32.
EppsP. (1951) A preliminary survey of 300 female delinquents in borstal institutions. Brit. J. Delinq.1, 187–197.
33.
EpsteinL. J. (1970) Antisocial behaviour of the elderly. Compr. Psych. Vol. 11, No. 1.
34.
Essen-MollerE. (1956) Individual traits and morbidity in a Swedish rural population. Acta. Psychiat. Neurologica. Scand. (Suppl) 100.
35.
FisherC. (1984) Psychiatric aspects of shoplifting. Br. J. Hosp. Med.GallantD. M. (1973) The revolving door alcoholic. Arch. Gen. Psychiat.28.
36.
GibbensT. C. N.PrinceJ. (1962) Shoplifting. London, The Institute for the Study and Treatment of Delinquency.
37.
GibbensT. C. N.PalmerC.PrinceJ. (1971) Mental Health Aspects of Shoplifting. Br. Med. J.3, 612.
38.
GibbensT. N. C.SoothillK. L.PopeP. J. (1977) Medical Remands in the Criminal Court: Maudsley Monograph. No. 25 Oxford University Press.
39.
GibbensT. C. N.SoothillK. L.WayC. K. (1981) Sex offences against young girls: a long-term record study. Psycholog. Med.11, 351–7.
40.
GlantzM. D.Alcohol use and abuse. In: Drugs and the Elderly Adult. Rockville; MD, National Institute on Drug Abuse (Research Issues No 32).
41.
GoldbergD. P. (1970) A standardized psychiatric interview for use in community surveys. Br. J. Preventive and Social Medicine24, 18–23.
42.
GunnJ.DellS.WayS. (1977) Psychiatric Aspects of Imprisonment, Academic Press, London.
43.
GuzeS. B. (1974) Psychiatric disorders and criminality. JAMA227, No. 6.
44.
GuzeS. B. (1976) Criminality and Psychiatric Disorder.Oxford University Press, New York.
45.
HawtonK. (1985) Sex Therapy. A Practical Guide.Oxford University Press.
46.
HaysD. S.WisotskyM. (1969) The aged offender: a review of the literature and two current studies from the New York State Division of Parole. J. Amer. Geriatrics Soc.17, No. 11, 1064–73.
47.
HelgasonT. (1973) ‘Epidemiology of Mental Disorder in Iceland: a Geriatric Follow Up (preliminary report).’ Excerpta Medica International Congress Series no. 274, pp. 350–57. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medica.
48.
HillJ. D. N.PondD. A. (1952) Reflections on one hundred capital cases submitted to electroencephalography. J. Mental Sci.98, 23–43.
49.
Home Office (1971) Habitual Drunkenness Offenders.London, HMSO.
50.
Criminal Statistics in England and Wales, 1970-85. HMSO.
51.
KayD. W. K.BeamishP.RothM. (1964) Old age mental disorders in Newcastle upon Tyne. Part I: A study of prevalence. Br. J. Psychiat110, 146–58.
52.
KayD. W. K.RothM. (1961) Environmental and hereditary factors in the schizophrenias of old age (‘late paraphrenia’) and their bearing on the general problem of causation in schizophrenia. J. Ment. Sci.107, 649–686.
53.
KellerO. J.VedderC. B. (1965) The crimes that old persons commit. Gerontologist8, 43–50.
54.
KentD. A. (1972) Police admissions to two English mental hospitals. Acta. Psychiat. Scand.48 (1), 78–83.
55.
KnightB. (1983) Geriatric homicide—or the Darby and Joan syndrome. Geriatric Med. April 297–300.
56.
LynchS. P. J. (1987) A retrospective study of Criminal Trends in the Elderly in Chester and Liverpool, 1970–75 and 1980–85. (In preparation.)
57.
McClintockF. H. (1980) Criminal careers of sex offenders: recidivism, criminal justice and politics. In: Sex Offenders in the Criminal Justice System. Cropswood Conference Series No. 12. (ed. WestD. J.) Cambridge: Institute of Criminology.
58.
McClintockF. H.AvisonN. H. (1968). Crime in England and Wales.London, Heinemann.
59.
McCrearyC. P.MenshI. N. (1977) Personality differences associated with age in law offenders. J. Gerontology32, No. 2, 164–7.
60.
MarkhamG. R. (1981) A community service for elderly offenders. Geriatric Med. February, 63–6.
61.
MasudaM. (1978) Life events and prisoners. Arch. Gen. Psych.35, 197–205.
62.
MobergD. (1953) Old age and crime. J. Crim. Law43, 773.
63.
NielsenJ. (1962) Geronto-psychiatric period-prevalence investigation in a geographically delimited population. Acta. Psychiat. Scand.38, 307–30.
64.
ArsonsP. L. (1965) Mental Health of Swansea's Old Folk. Br. J. Prevent. Soc. Med.19, 43–7.
65.
PenroseL. S. (1939) Mental disease and crime: outline of a comparative study of European statistics. Br. J. Med. Psychol.18, 178.
66.
PetrieW. M. (1982) Violence in geriatric patients. JAMA248, No. 4.
67.
PollakO. (1941) The criminality of old age. J. Crim. Psychopath3: 213.
68.
PollakO. (1945) Tables to a statistical investigation of criminality in old age. Unpublished paper.
69.
PollakO. (1948) Social adjustment in old age. In New York Social Science Research Council Bulletin, p. 59.
70.
PrinsH. (1981) Offenders, Deviants or Patients?London, Tavistock.
71.
ReasonJ. (1984) Absent-mindedness in shops, its incidence, correlates and consequences. Br. J. Clin. Psychol23 (Pt 2), 121–31.
72.
RecklessW. C. (1950) The Crime Problem.New York, Appleton-Century-Crofts Co., pp. 143–44.
73.
RedickR. L.TaubeC. A. (1980) Demography and Mental Health Care of the Aged. in Handbook of Mental Health and Ageing. Eds. BirrenJ. E.SloaneR. B.. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
74.
Report on the Probation Service in England and Wales (Statistics) 1970-85. HMSO.
75.
Report on the Prison Service in England and Wales (Statistics) 1970-85. HMSO.
76.
RodsteinM. (1975) Crime and the Aged; 2: The Criminals. JAMA234, No. 6, p. 39.
77.
RosnerR. (1985) Geriatric felons examined at a forensic psychiatry clinic. J. Forensic Sci.30 (3).
78.
RothM. (1968) In: The Mentally Abnormal Offender (edited by de ReuckA. V. S.PorterR.). Churchill Livingstone, London, p. 35.
79.
RuskinS. H. (1941) Annal of sex offences among male psychiatric patients. Amer. J. Psychiat97, 955.
80.
SchichorD.Kobrin (1978) Note: Criminal Behaviour Among the Elderly. Gerontologist18, No. 2, pp. 213–18.
81.
SchroederP. L. (1936) Criminal behaviour in the later period of life. Amer. J. Psychiat.92, 915.
82.
ScottD. J. (1967) Br. J. Addiction.62, 113.
83.
ScottD. J. (1974) Fire and Fire-Raisers.London, Duckworth.
84.
ScottD. J. (1977) Practitioner, 218, 812.
85.
SimonA. (1965) Geriatrics13, 125.
86.
SmithA. (1962) Women in Prison, London: Stevens & Son.
87.
SoothillK. L.PopeP. J. (1973) Arson: A twenty-year cohort study. Med. Sci. Law.16, 62–9.
88.
Stafford-ClarkD.TaylorF. H. (1949) Clinical and electroencephalographic studies of prisoners charged with murder. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat.12, 325–30.
89.
TardiffK. (1979) The relation of age to assaultive behaviour in mental patients. Hosp. Comm. Psychiat.30, 709–10.
90.
TardiffK. (1980) Assault, suicide and mental disorder. Arch. Gen. Psych37, 164–9.
91.
TaylorP. J.GunnJ. (1984) Violence and psychosis I—risk of violence among psychotic men. Br. Med. J.288.
92.
TaylorP. J. (1985) Motives for offending among violent and psychotic men. Br. J. Psychiat.147, 491–8.
93.
TennentT. G. (1971) Br. J. Psych119, 497.
94.
TodD. (1983) I've been arrested for shoplifting, doctor. Geriatric Med.51–2.
95.
TrickTennentT. G. (1981) An Introduction to Forensic Psychiatry. Pitman.
96.
VirkkunnenM. (1974) Incest offences and alcoholism. Med. Sci. Law.14, 124–8.
97.
VirkkunnenM. (1975) Victim-precipitated paedophiliac offences. Br. J. Criminology15, 175–80.
98.
WestD. J. (1965) Murder Followed by Suicide. London, Heinemann.
99.
WhiskinF. E. (1967) The geriatric sex offender. Geriatrics.
100.
WhiskinF. E. (1968) Delinquency in the Aged. J. Gerontol.
101.
WilliamsonJ. (1978) Depression in the elderly. Age and Ageing7, 35–40.
102.
WixenJ. (1975) They retired to prison. Mod. Maturity18: 46–8.
103.
WolkR. L.RustinS. L.ScottiJ. (1963) The geriatric delinquent. J. Amer. Geriatrics. Soc11, 653.
104.
WolfgangM. (1961) A Sociological analysis of criminal homicide. Fed. Probation, 25, 50.
WilliamsE. P.CarruthB.HymannM. M. (1971) Community care providers and the older problem drinker. In WilliamsE. P. (Ed.) Alcoholism and Problem Drinking among Elderly Persons. Springfield V. A. National Technical Information Service.