Gastric Emptying—Forensic Implications of Current Concepts

Abrahamson H. (1973) Studies on the inhibitory neurons control of gastric motility. Acta Physiol. Scand. (Suppl.) 390, 1–38.

Banister E. W. Griffiths J. (1972) Blood levels of adrenergic amines during exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 33, 674–6.

Beaumont W. (1833) Experiments and observations on the gastric juice and the physiology of digestion. Plattsburgh, F. P. Allen.

Bloom S. R. Edwards A. V. Vaughan N. J. A. (1973) The role of the sympathetic innervation in the control of plasma glucagon concentrations in the calf. J. Physiol. 223, 457–66.

Brener W. Hendrix T. R. McHugh P. R. (1983) Regulation of the gastric emptying of glucose. Gastroenterology 85, 76–82.

Cammack J. Read N. W. Cann P. A. Greenwood B. Holgate A. M. (1982) Effect of prolonged exercise on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine. Gut 23, 957–61.

Campbell I. W. Heading R. C. Tothill P. Buist T. A. S. Ewing D. J. Clarke B. F. (1977) Gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Gut 18, 462–7.

Camps F. E. (1969) Thanatology in recent advances in forensic pathology. London, Churchill Livingstone.

Cann P. A. Read N. W. Cammack J. Childs H. Holden S. Kashman R. Longmore J. Nix S. Simms N. Swallow K. Weller J. (1983) Psychological stress and the passage of a standard meal through the stomach and small intestine in man. Gut 24, 236–40.

Cannon W. B. (1898) The movements of the stomach studied by means of the Roentgen rays. Am. J. Physiol. 1, 359–82.

Carryer P. W. Brown M. L. Malagelada J. R. Carlson G. L. McCall J. T. (1982) Quantification of the fate of dietary fibers in humans by a newly developed radiolabeled fibers marker. Gastroenterology 82, 1389–94.

Cavell B. (1981) Effect of feeding an infant a formula with high energy density on gastric emptying in infants with congenital heart disease. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 70, 513–6.

Chaudhuri T. K. (1974) Use of ^99mTc-DTPA for measuring gastric emptying time. J. Nucl. Med. 15, 391–5.

Code C. F. Marlett J. (1975) The interdigestive myoelectric complex of the stomach and small bowel of dogs. J. of Physiol. 246, 289–309.

Collins P. J. Horowitz M. Cook D. J. Harding P. E. Shearman D. J. C. (1983) Gastric emptying in normal subjects—a reproducible technique using a single scintillation camera and computer system. Gut 24, 1117–25.

Colmer M. R. Owen G. M. Shields R. (1973) Pattern of gastric emptying after vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Brit. Med. J. 2, 448–50.

Donovan I. A. Owens C Clendinnen B. G. Griffin D. W. Harding L. K. Alexander-Williams J. (1979) Interrelations between serum gastrin levels, gastric emptying and acid output before and after proximal gastric vagotomy and truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. Br. J. Surg. 66, 149–51.

Dubois A. Van Eerdewegh P. Gardner J. D. (1977) Gastric emptying and secretion in Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 59, 255–63.

Dubois A. Gross H. A. Ebert M. H. Castell D. O. (1979) Altered gastric emptying and secretion in primary anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology 77, 319–23.

Dubois A. Castell D. O. (1981) Abnormal gastric emptying response to pentagastrin in duodenal ulcer disease. Dig. Dis. Sci. 26, 292–6.

Fatteh A. (1973) Handbook of forensic pathology. Toronto, Lippincott.

Faulk D. L. Anuras S. Christensen J. (1978) Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Gastroenterology 74, 922–31.

Feldman M. Walsh H. H. Taylor I. L. (1980) Effect of naloxone and morphine on gastric acid secretion and on serum gastrin and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations in humans. Gastroenterology 79, 294–8.

Feldman M. Nixon J. V. (1982) Effect of exercise on post-prandial gastric secretion and emptying in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 53, 851–4.

Fisher R. S. Malmud L. S. Bandini P. Rock E. (1982) Gastric emptying of a physiologic mixed solid-liquid meal. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 7, 215–21.

Fordtran J. S. Saltin B. (1967) Gastric emptying and intestinal absorption during prolonged severe exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 23, 331–5.

Glaister J. (1957) Medical jurisprudence and toxicology. 10th ed, London, Churchill Livingstone.

Griffith G. H. Owen G. M. Kirkman S. Shields R. (1966) Measurement of rate of gastric emptying using chromium-51. Lancet 1, 1244–5.

Gulsrud P. O. Taylor I. L. Watts H. D. Cohen M. B. Elashoff J. Meyer J. H. (1980) How gastric emptying of carbohydrate effects glucose tolerance and symptoms after truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Gastroenterology 78, 1463–71.

Hawkins G. (1977) Beyond reasonable doubt. Sydney, Australian Broadcasting Commission.

Heading R. C. Tothill P. Laidlaw A. J. Shearman D. J. C. (1971) An evaluation of ^113mIn DTPA chelate in the measurement of gastric emptying by scintiscanning. Gut 12, 611–15.

Heading R. C. Nimmo J. Prescott L. F. Tothill P. (1973) The dependence of paracetamol absorption on the rate of gastric emptying. Br. J. Pharm. 47, 415–21.

Heading R. C. Tothill P. McLoughlin G. P. Shearman D. J. C. (1976) Gastric emptying rate measurement in man. A double isotope scanning technique for simultaneous study of liquid and solid components of a meal. Gastroenterology 71, 45–50.

Hellenbrandt F. A. Tepper R. H. (1934) Studies on the influence of exercise on the digestive work of the stomach. II. Its effect on emptying time. Am. J. Physiol. 107, 355–63.

Hillemeier A. C. Lange R. McCallum R. Seashore J. Gryboski J. (1981) Delayed gastric emptying in infants with gastro-oesophageal reflux. J. Paediatr. 98, 190–3.

Hinder R. A. Kelly K. A. (1977) Gastric emptying of solids and liquids Am. J. Physiol. 233, E335–40.

Hollander F. Penner A. (1939) History and development of gastric analysis procedures. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 5, 22–5.

Holt S. Stewart M. J. Adam R. D. Heading R. C. (1980) Alcohol absorption, gastric emptying and a breathalyser. Brit. J. Clin. Pharmac. 9, 205–8.

Holt S. Ford M. J. Grant S. Heading R. C. (1981) Abnormal gastric emptying in primary anorexia nervosa. Brit. J. Psychiat. 139, 550–2.

Holt S. Reid J. Taylor T. V. Tothill P. Heading R. C. (1982) Gastric emptying of solids in man. Gut 23, 292–6.

Horowitz M. Cook D. J. Collins P. J. Harding P. E. Shearman D. J. C. (1982) The application of techniques using radionuclides to the study of gastric emptying. Surg. Gynaecol. Obstet. 155, 737–44.

Horowitz M. Collins P. J. Cook D. J. Harding P. E. Shearman D. J. C. (1983) Abnormalities of gastric emptying in obese patients. Int. J. Obesity 7, 415–21.

Horowitz M. Maddern G. J. Chatterton B. E. Collins P. J. Harding P. E. Shearman D. J. C. (1984a) Changes in gastric emptying rates with age. Clin. Sci. 67, 213–18.

Horowitz M. Maddern G. J. Chatterton B. E. Collins P. J. Petrucco O. M. Seamark R. Shearman D. J. C. (1984b) The normal menstrual cycle has no effect on gastric emptying. Gastroenterology (abstract) 86, 1117.

Horowitz M. Harding P. E. Chatterton B. E. Collins P. J. Shearman D. J. C. (1985) Acute and chronic effects of domperidone on gastric emptying in diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Dig. Dis. Sci. 30, 1–9.

Howlett P. J. Ward A. S. Duthie H. L. (1974) Gastric emptying after vagotomy. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 67, 836–8.

Hunt J. N. Spurrell W. R. (1951) The pattern of emptying of the human stomach. J. Physiol. 113, 157–68.

Hunt J. N. (1974) A modification of the method of George for studying gastric emptying. Gut 15, 812–13.

Hunt J. N. McHugh P. R. (1982) Does calcium mediate the slowing of gastric emptying in primates? Am. J. Physiol. 243, G200–3.

Hunt J. N. (1983) Does calcium mediate slowing of gastric emptying by fat in humans? Am. J. Physiol. 244, G89–94.

Jahnberg T. (1977) Gastric adaptive relaxation. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 12, 1–32.

Jian R. Vigneron N. Najean Y. Bernier J. (1982) Gastric emptying and intragastric distribution of lipids in man. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27, 705–11.

Kelly K. A. Code C. F. Elveback L. R. (1969) Patterns of canine gastric electrical activity. Am. J. Physiol. 217, 461–70.

Kelly K. A. Code C. F. (1971) Canine gastric pacemaker. Am. J. Physiol. 220, 112–18.

Kelly K. A. (1980) Gastric emptying of liquids and solids: roles of proximal and distal stomach. Am. J. Physiol. 239, G71–6.

Kroop P. S. Long W. B. Alavi A. Hansell J. R. (1979) Effect of water and fat on gastric emptying of solid meals. Gastroenterology 77, 997–1000.

Lam S. K. Isenberg J. I. Grossman M. I. Lane W. H. Hogan D. L. (1982) Rapid gastric emptying in duodenal ulcer patients. Dig. Dis. Sci. 27, 598–604.

Lamki L. Sullivan S. (1983) A study of gastrointestinal opiate receptors: the role of the mu receptor on gastric emptying. J. Nucl. Med. 24, 689–92.

Levine R. R. (1970) Factors affecting gastrointestinal absorption of drugs. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 15, 171–88.

Lewis T. D. (1983) Morphine and the migrating motor complex in man. Gastroenterology (abstract) 84, 1230.

Loo F. D. Palmer D. W. Soergel K. H. Kalbfleisch J. H. Wood C. M. (1984) Gastric emptying in patients with diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology 86, 485–94.

McCallum R. W. Berkowitz D. M. Lerner E. (1981) Gastric emptying in patients with gastrooesophageal reflux. Gastroenterology 80, 285–91.

McCrae S. Younger K. Thompson D. G. Wingate D. L. (1982) Sustained mental stress alters human jejunal motor activity. Gut 23, 404–9.

MacGregor I. L. Martin P. Meyer J. H. (1977) Gastric emptying of solid food in normal man and after subtotal gastrectomy and truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty. Gastroenterology 72, 206–11.

McHugh P. R. Morgan T. H. (1979) Calories and gastric emptying: a regulatory capacity with implications for feeding. Am. J. Physiol. 236, R254–60.

Maddern G. J. Horowitz M. Jamieson G. G. Chatterton B. E. Collins P. J. Roberts-Thomson P. (1984) Abnormalities of esophageal and gastric emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 87, 922–6.

Malagelada J. R. Go V. L. W. Summerskill W. H. J. (1979) Different gastric, pancreatic and biliary responses to solid-liquid or homogenized meals. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 24, 101–10.

Malagelada J. R. Carter S. E. Brown M. L. Carlson G. L. (1980) Radiolabelled fiber, A physiological marker for gastric emptying and intestinal transit of solids. Dig. Dis. Sci. 25, 81–7.

Marshall T. K. (1968) Changes after death in Grodwohl's legal medicine. Camps F. E. (ed.), 2nd ed. Bristol, John Wright.

Mayer E. A. Thomson J. B. Jehn D. Reedy T. Elashoff J. Meyer J. H. (1982) Gastric emptying and sieving of solid food and pancreatic and biliary secretion after solid meals in patients with truncal vagotomy and antrectomy. Gastroenterology 83, 184–92.

Meeroff J. C. Go V. L. W. Phillips S. F. (1975) Control of gastric emptying by osmolality of duodenal contents in man. Gastroenterology 68, 1144–51.

Meyer J. H. MacGregor I. L. Gueller R. Martin P. Cavalieri R. (1976) ^99mTc-tagged chicken liver as a marker of solid food in the human stomach. Am. J. Dig. Dis. 21, 296–304.

Meyer J. H. Thomson J. B. Cohen M. B. Shadchehr A. Mandiola S. A. (1979) Sieving of solid food by the canine stomach and sieving after gastric surgery. Gastroenterology 76, 804–13.

Meyer J. H. Ohashi H. Jehn D. Thomson J. B. (1981) Size of liver particles emptied from the human stomach. Gastroenterology 80, 1489–96.

Moore J. G. Christian P. E. Coleman R. E. (1981) Gastric emptying of varying meal weight and composition in man. Evaluation by dual liquid and solid- phase isotopic method. Dig. Dis. Sci. 26, 16–22.

Moore J. G. Tweedy C. Christian P. E. Datz F. L. (1983) Effect of age on gastric emptying of liquid-solid meals in man. Dig. Dis. Sci. 28, 340–4.

Morgan A. D. (1945) Misleading evidence in establishing time of death. Brit. Med. J. 2, 255–7.

Nimmo W. S. (1976) Drugs, diseases and latered gastric emptying. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 1, 189–203.

Polson C. J. Gee D. J. (1973) The essentials of forensic medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford, Pergamon Press.

Read N. W. Al Janabi M. N. Bates T. E. Barber D. C. (1983) Effect of gastrointestinal intubation on the passage of a solid meal through the stomach and small intestine in humans. Gastroenterology 84, 1568–72.

Rees W. D. W. Miller L. J. Malagelada J. R. (1980) Dyspepsia, antral motor dysfunction and gastric stasis of solids. Gastroenterology 78, 360–5.

Rees W. R. Clark R. A. Holdsworth C. D. Barber D. C. Howlett P. J. (1980) The effect of beta adrenoreceptor agonists and antagonists on gastric emptying in man. Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 10, 551–4.

Rehfuss M. E. (1927) Diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the stomach. Philadelphia, Saunders.

Remington M. M. Brown M. L. Robertson J. S. Fleming C. R. Carlson G. Whatley J. Thomford G. Malagelada J. R. (1981) Transit of solid and liquid components of a meal in the short bowel syndrome quantified by total gut scintiscanning; effect of loperamide. Gastroenterology (abstract) 80, 1260.

Sasaki H. Nagulesparan M. Dubois A. Vasquez B. Straus E. Sievers M. L. Unger R. H. (1983) Inhibitory effect of intragastric glucose on gastric acid secretion and gastric emptying of liquids in man. Role of endogenous somatostatin, gastrin and insulin. Dig. Dis. Sci. 28, 502–6.

Sheiner H. J. (1975) Gastric emptying tests in man. Gut 16, 235–47.

Sheiner H. J. Catchpole D. N. (1976) Drug therapy for post-vagotomy gastric stasis. Brit. J. Surg. 63, 608–11.

Sheiner H. J. Quinlan M. F. Thompson I. J. (1980) Gastric motility and emptying in normal and post-vagotomy subjects. Gut 21, 753–9.

Simpson K. (1965) Taylor's principles and practice of medical jurisprudence, 12th ed., London, Churchill Livingstone.

Smith S. Fiddes F. S. (1955) Forensic medicine, 10th ed., London, Churchill Livingstone.

Smith S. Simpson K. (1956) Taylor's principles and practice of medical jurisprudence, 11th ed., London, Churchill.

Smith S. (1959) Mostly murder. Bristol, Harrap.

Sranghellini V. Malagelada J. R. Zinsmeister A. R. Go V. L. W. Kao P. C. (1983) Stress-induced gastroduodenal motor disturbances in humans: possible humoral mechanisms. Gastroenterology 85, 83–91.

Strunz V. T. Grossman M. I. (1978) Effect of intragastric pressure on gastric emptying and secretion. Am. J. Physiol. 234, E552–5.

Telander R. L. Morgan K. G. Kreulen D. L. Schmalz P. F. Kelly K. A. Szurszewski J. H. (1978) Human gastric atony with tachygastria and gastric retention. Gastroenterology 75, 497–502.

Thompson D. G. Richelson E. Malagelada J. R. (1982a) Perturbation of gastric emptying and duodenal motility through the central nervous system. Gastroenterology 83, 1200–6.

Thompson D. G. Wingate D. L. Thomas M. Harrison D. (1982b) Gastric emptying as a determinant of the oral glucose tolerance test. Gastroenterology 82, 51–5.

Thompson D. G. Richelson E. Malagelada J. R. (1983) Perturbation of upper gastrointestinal function by cold stress. Gut 24, 277–83.

Valori R. M. Wingate D. (1983) Stress, distress and the fasting motor complex. Gastroenterology (abstract) 84, 1340.

Van Leube W. (1833) Beitrage zur Diagnostik der Magenkrankheiten. Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. 33, 1–21.

Wilbur B. G. Kelly K. A. (1973) Effect of proximal gastric, complete gastric and truncal vagotomy on canine gastric electrical activity, motility and emptying. Ann. Surg. 178, 295–303.

Wingate D. L. (1981) Backwards and forwards with the migrating complex Dig. Dis. Sci. 26, 641–66.

Wolf S. (1981) The psyche and the stomach. Gastroenterology 80, 605–14.

Wright R. A. Klinsky S. Fleeman C. Trujillo J. Teague E. (1983) Gastric emptying and obesity. Gastroenterology 84, 747–51.

You C. H. Lee K. Y. Chey W. Y. Menguy R. (1980) Electrogastrographic study of patients with unexplained nausea, bloating and vomiting. Gastroenterology 79, 311–14.