Crowd-control chemicals and medical witness in Georgia

Hudson M Marocico O Buckley S . WW1 toxic compound sprayed on Georgian protesters, BBC evidence suggests. London: BBC, 2025.

Frey AS Maniscalco PM Holstege CP . Chemical agents encountered in protests. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2022; 40: 365–379.

OPSW. Convention on the prohibition of the development, production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons and on their destruction. The Hague: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, 1997.

Olajos EJ Salem H . Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry. J Appl Toxicol 2001; 21: 355–391.

Chakhunashvili K Gunashvili G Jobava N , et al. Collateral damage: cardiovascular and respiratory implications of tear gas deployment during peaceful protest. Toxicol Rep 2025; 15: 102166.

Schep LJ Slaughter RJ McBride DI . Riot control agents: the tear gases CN, CS and OC – a medical review. BMJ Military Health 2015; 161: 94–99.

Haar RJ Iacopino V Ranadive N , et al. Health impacts of chemical irritants used for crowd control: a systematic review of the injuries and deaths caused by tear gas and pepper spray. BMC Public Health 2017; 17: 831.

Green R . Georgian nightmare. Index Censorship 2025; 54: 15–17.

Willison CE Falkenbach M SL G , et al. Backsliding among indicators of democratic stability relevant to public health: risks in OECD nations. World Med Health Policy 2023; 15: 455–475.

Wynn A . Imprisonment of Dr. Anatoly Koryagin. Br Med J 1983; 286: 309.