The recent introduction in Italy of unsupervised conjugal visits for prisoners is part of a broader trend that has been well-established across numerous European countries. This provision is grounded in the respect for constitutional rights and the principles set out by the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), which underscores the centrality of private and family life even for incarcerated individuals. This development raises significant bioethical and medico-legal challenges, which have yet to be fully explored, particularly regarding conception during conjugal visits. The present article critically analyses the bioethical implications related to the right to parenthood in prison, state responsibility towards the unborn child, reproductive health challenges, and related medico-legal issues. It highlights a legislative gap that urgently requires attention and proposes operational strategies for addressing these challenges.
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