Restricted accessEditorialFirst published online 2020-10
Lodged bullets on computed tomography: Three classification procedures for the virtual investigation of bullets or their fragments that cannot be recovered from the living patient
ApteABradfordKDenteC, et al.
Lead toxicity from retained bullet fragments: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trauma Acute Care Surg2019;
87: 707–716.
2.
DienstknechtTHorstKSelleiRM, et al.
Indications for bullet removal: overview of the literature, and clinical practice guidelines for European trauma surgeons.Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg2012;
38: 89–93.
3.
DoddGD3rdBudzikRFJr.Identification of retained firearm projectiles on plain radiographs.AJR Am J Roentgenol1990;
154: 471–475.
4.
BixlerRPAhrensCRRossiRP, et al.
Bullet identification with radiography.Radiology1991;
178: 563–567.
5.
GaschoDThaliMJNiemannT.Post-mortem computed tomography: technical principles and recommended parameter settings for high-resolution imaging.Med Sci Law2018;
58: 70–82.
6.
HessEPHaasLRShahND, et al.
Trends in computed tomography utilization rates: a longitudinal practice-based study. J Patient Saf2014;
10: 52–58.
7.
GaschoDZoelchNDeininger-CzermakE, et al.
Visualization and material-based differentiation of lodged projectiles by extended CT scale and the dual-energy index.J Forensic Leg Med2020;
70: 101919.
8.
BergerFNiemannTKubik-HuchRA, et al.
Retained bullets in the head on computed tomography – get the most out of iterative metal artifact reduction. Eur J Radiol2018;
103: 124–130.
9.
DouisNFormeryASHossuG, et al.
Metal artifact reduction for intracranial projectiles on post mortem computed tomography. Diagn Interv Imaging2019;
101: 177–185.
10.
GaschoDGentileSBolligerSA, et al.
Charon’s coins.Forensic Sci Med Pathol2016;
12: 384–387.
11.
MaraisAASDicksHJ.Utilization of X-ray computed tomography for the exclusion of a specific caliber and bullet type in a living shooting victim. J Forensic Sci2019;
64: 264–269.
12.
PaulisLEKrollJHeijnensL, et al.
Is CT bulletproof? On the use of CT for characterization of bullets in forensic radiology. Int J Legal Med2019;
133: 1869–1877.
13.
GaschoDZoelchNDeininger-CzermakE, et al.
In situ identification of Action 4, SECA and QD-PEP bullets from special police ammunitions by computed tomography. Med Sci Law2020;
60: 188–195.
14.
GaschoDZoelchNRichterH, et al.
Heavy metal in radiology: how to reliably differentiate between lodged copper and lead bullets using CT numbers.Eur Radiol Exp2020;
4: 43.
15.
IversonKRCurtisEBrownIE, et al.
New fragmenting bullet leads to unexpected injury pattern: a case report involving the radically invasive projectile. Trauma2019;
21: 73–76.
16.
HakkiLSmithABabinJ, et al.
Effects of a fragmenting handgun bullet: considerations for trauma care providers.Injury2019;
50: 1143–1146.
17.
DitkofskyNMareskyHSSteenburgS.Radically invasive projectiles – first reports and imaging features of this new and dangerous bullet. Emerg Radiol2020;
27: 393–397.
18.
StacyGSThomasS.The G2 research RIP fragmenting bullet – radiographic features of a recently encountered projectile. Skeletal Radiol2020;
49: 1663–1668.
19.
AlvesAMPicoliFFSilveiraRJ, et al.
When forensic radiology meets ballistics – in vivo bullet profiling with computed tomography and autopsy validation: a case report. Forensic Imaging2020;
20: 200357.
20.
HollermanJJFacklerML.Gunshot wounds: radiology and wound ballistics. Emerg Radiol1995;
2: 171–192.
21.
GaschoDThaliMJBolligerSA.Hidden shot pellets on postmortem computed tomography and their utilization for radiologic identification of decedents.Forensic Sci Med Pathol2020;
16: 340–344.
22.
GaschoDZoelchNRichterH, et al.
Identification of bullets based on their metallic components and X-ray attenuation characteristics at different energy levels on CT.Am J Roentgenol2019;
213: W105–113.
23.
GaschoDZoelchNSchaerliS.Explanation for the contradiction between the results of Diallo et al. (doi:10.1016/j.jofri.2018.10.001) and Winklhofer et al. (doi:10.1097/RLI.0000000000000032) in differentiating ferromagnetic from nonferromagnetic bullets by means of the dual-energy index. J Forensic Radiol Imaging2019;
19: 100351.