Medico-legal evaluation of sleep-related automatism

Bratty v Attorney-General for Northern Ireland AC [1963] 386.

Fenwick P . Automatism, medicine and the law. Psychol Med Monogr Suppl 1990; 17: 1–27.

Ebrahim IO Fenwick P . Sleep-related automatism and the law. Med Sci Law 2008; 48: 124–136.

Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. US [1993] 509, 579.

Beecher-Monas E . Evaluating scientific evidence: an interdisciplinary framework for intellectual due process, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Willis CS . The CHESS method of forensic opinion formulation: striving to checkmate bias. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2008; 35: 535–535.

Mahowald MW Cramer Bornemann MA NREM sleep-arousal parasomnias. In: Kryger M Roth T Dement W (eds). Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2010, pp. 94–94.

American Academy of Sleep Medicine. International classification of sleep disorders: diagnostic and coding manual, 2nd ed. Westchester, IL: American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005.

Ohayon M Caulet M Priest R . Violent behavior during sleep. J Clin Psychiatry 1997; 58: 369–376.

Bonkalo A . Impulsive acts and confusional states during incomplete arousal from sleep: criminological and forensic implications. Psychiatr Q 1974; 48: 400–409.

Fenwick P . Somnambulism and the law: a review. Behav Sci Law 1987; 5: 343–357.

Mahowald M Bundlie S Hurwitz T . Sleep violence – forensic science implications: polygraphic and video documentation. J Forensic Sci 1990; 35: 413–432.

Broughton R Billings R Cartwright R . Homicidal somnambulism: a case report. Sleep 1994; 17: 253–264.

Cartwright R . Sleepwalking violence: a sleep disorder, a legal dilemma, and a psychological challenge. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161: 1149–1149.

Cartwright R . Sleep-related violence: does the polysomnogram help establish the diagnosis? Sleep Med 2000; 1: 331–331.

Lopez R Jaussent I Scholz S . Functional impairment in adult sleepwalkers: a case-control study. Sleep 2013; 36: 345–345.

Tassinari CA Rubboli G Gardella E . Central pattern generators for a common semiology in fronto-limbic seizures and in parasomnias. A neuroethologic approach. Neurol Sci 2006; 26: s225–s225.

Hansard. Early Day Motion 463 sponsored by Harry Cohen, www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm081015/debtext/81015-0003.htm (2008, accessed 30 September 2013).

Banerjee D Nisbet A . Sleepwalking. Sleep Med Clin 2011; 6: 401–415.

Vignatelli L Bisulli F Zaniboni A . Interobserver reliability of ICSD-R minimal diagnostic criteria for the parasomnias. J Neurol 2005; 252: 712–712.

Tinuper P Provini F Bisulli F . Movement disorders in sleep: guidelines for differentiating epileptic from non-epileptic motor phenomena arising from sleep. Sleep Med Rev 2007; 11: 255–267.

Paroxysmal motor phenomena during sleep: study of the frequency of parasomnias in patients with nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy and their relatives. Epilepsia 2005.

Tinuper P Lugaresi E The concept of paroxysmal nocturnal dystonia. In: Bazil CW Malow BA Sammaritano MR (eds). Sleep and epilepsy: the clinical spectrum, Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2002, pp. 277–277.

Trajanovic NN Shapiro CM Ong A . Atypical presentation of NREM arousal parasomnia with repetitive episodes. Eur J Neurol 2007; 14: 947–950.

Provini F Plazzi G Lugaresi E . From nocturnal paroxysmal dystonia to nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2000; 9: 111–111. Supplement 2(0): S2–S8.

Hughes JR . A review of sleepwalking (somnambulism): the enigma of neurophysiology and polysomnography with differential diagnosis of complex partial seizures. Epilepsy Behav 2007; 11: 483–491.

Reuber M Mackay RD . Epileptic automatisms in the criminal courts: 13 cases tried in England and Wales between 1975 and 2001. Epilepsia 2008; 49: 138–145.

Lishman SA . Alcoholic blackout: state-dependent learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1974; 30: 46–46.

White AM Matthews DB Best PJ . Ethanol, memory, and hippocampal function: a review of recent findings. Hippocampus 2000; 10: 88–93.

Wechsler H Lee JE Kuo M . Trends in college binge drinking during a period of increased prevention efforts. Findings from 4 Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study surveys: 1993–2001. J Am Coll Health 2002; 50: 203–203.

White AM Jamieson-Drake DW Swartzwelder HS . Prevalence and correlates of alcohol-induced blackouts among college students: results of an e-mail survey. J Am Coll Health 2002; 51: 117–117.

Weissenborn R Duka T . Acute alcohol effects on cognitive function in social drinkers: their relationship to drinking habits. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2003; 165: 306–306.

White AM . What happened? Alcohol, memory blackouts, and the brain. Alcohol Res Health 2003; 27: 186–186.

Hartmann E . Two case reports: night terrors with sleepwalking – a potentially lethal disorder. J Nervous Mental Dis 1983; 171: 503–503.

Shapiro C Trajanovic N Fedoroff J . Sexsomnia – a new parasomnia? Can J Psychiatry 2003; 48: 311–317.

DPP v Majewski AC [1977] 443.

Finegan v Heywood SLT [2000] 905.

R v Stripp Cr App R [1979] 69, 318.

R v Harris EWCA Crim [2013] 223.

R v Daviault SCR [1994] 3, 63.

Merikangas J . Commentary: alcoholic blackout – does it remove mens rea? J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2004; 32: 375–375.

van Ooorsouw K Merckelbach H Ravelli D . Alcoholic blackout for criminally relevant behavior. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2004; 32: 364–364.

Granarcher RP Jr . Commentary: alcoholic blackout and allegation of amnesia during criminal acts. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 2004; 32: 371–371.

Agargün MY Kara H Özer OA . Characteristics of patients with nocturnal dissociative disorders. Sleep Hypnosis 2001; 3: 131–131.

Schenck CH Milner DM Hurwitz TD . Dissociative disorders presenting as somnambulism. Polysomnographic, video and clinical documentation (8 cases). Dissociation 1989; 11: 194–194.

Bagby RM Rogers R Buis T . Detecting feigned depression and schizophrenia on the MMPI-2. J Pers Assess 1968; 3: 650–650.

Mittenberg W Patton C Canyock EM . Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2002; 24: 1094–1094.

Pollock PH Quigley B Worley KO . Feigned mental disorder in prisoners referred to forensic mental health services. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs 1997; 4: 9–15.

Rogers R Sewell K Morey LC . Detection of feigned mental disorders on the personality assessment inventory: a discriminant analysis. J Pers Assess 1996; 67: 629–629.

Mahowald M Schenck C Cramer Bornemann M . Sleep-related violence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2005; 5: 153–158.

Schenck CH . Paradox lost: midnight in the battleground of sleep and dreams, Minneapolis, MN: Extreme Nights LLC, 2005.

Johnson S. Taxi driver who said he stabbed wife while sleepwalking jailed for six years. The Daily Telegraph, 2 April 2011.

Smith R. Sexsomniac cleared of raping teen girl; ex backs up sleep defence after living with his illness for years. The Mirror, 5 July 2011, p.18.

Horne JA. Falling asleep at the wheel: observations & guidelines for police forces. 2012.

Sleep Forensics Associates. Case studies: sleepwalking, http://sleepforensicsassociates.com/caseStudies/cases-sleepwalking.php (2013, accessed 30 September 2013).