Aaron, H.J. Politics and the Professors. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1978.
2.
Aaron, H."Prospective Payment: The Next Big Policy Disappointment?"Health Affairs4, no. 3 (Fall 1984): 102-107.
3.
Altman, L. K."In Health Care, A Question of Quality: Cost Control Efforts Raise Concerns."New York Times (2 January 1990): 5.
4.
Altman, S. , and J. Eichenholz. "Inflation in the Health Industry: Causes and Cures." In Health: A Victim or Cause of Inflation? Edited by M. Zubkoff. New York: Prodist, 1976.
5.
American Hospital Association . "Are the IG's Profit Figures for Real? Maybe Not."Hospitals61, no. 7 (5 April 1987): 36-42.
6.
American Hospital Association . Hospital Statistics. Chicago: AHA, 1986.
7.
American Hospital Association . Principles of Payment for Hospital Care. Chicago: AHA, 1965.
8.
Anderson, G. , and P. B. Ginsburg. "Prospective Capital Payments to Hospitals."Health Affairs3, no. 2 (Summer 1983): 52-63.
9.
Board of Trustees of the Medicare Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Insurance Trust Funds . 1990 Annual Reports for Hospital Insurance and Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Funds. Washington, DC: April 1990.
Califano, J.Governing America. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1982.
12.
Carroll, M. S. , and R. H. Arnett. "Private Health Insurance Plans in 1977."Health Care Financing Review1, no. 2 (Fall 1979): 14.
13.
Davis, K."The Role of Technology, Demand, and Labor Markets in the Determination of Hospital Costs." In The Economics of Health and Medical Care. Edited by M. Perlman. New York: Halsted Press, 1974.
14.
Demkovich, L. E."Public and Private Pressures to Control Health Care May Be Paying Off."National Journal (15 December 1984): 2390-2393.
15.
Demkovich, L. E."Who Says Congress Can't Move Fast? Just Ask Hospitals about Medicare."National Journal39, no. 13 (2 April 1983): 704-708.
16.
Detsky, A. S.The Economic Foundations of Health Policy. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger Publishing Company, 1978.
17.
Dowling, W. L."Prospective Reimbursement of Hospitals."Inquiry11, no. 3 (September 1974): 163-179.
18.
Dunn, W. L. , and B. Lefkowitz. "The Hospital Cost Containment Act of 1977." In Hospital Cost Containment. Edited by M. Zubkoff. New York: Prodist, 1978.
19.
Eggers, P. W."Prospective Payment System and Quality: Early Results and Research Strategy."Health Care Financing Review (1987 Annual Supplement): 29-37.
20.
Enthoven, A. C. , and R. G. Noll. "Prospective Payment: Will It Solve Medicare's Financial Problem?"Issues In Science and Technology1, no. 1 (Fall 1984): 101-116.
21.
Feder, J. , J. Hadley, and S. Zuckerman. "How Did Medicare's Prospective Payment System Affect Hospitals?"New England Journal of Medicine317, no. 14 (1 October 1987): 867-873.
22.
Federal Register."Medicare Program; Changes to the Inpatient Hospital Prospective Payment System and Fiscal Year 1991 Rates."Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 9, 1990.
23.
Federal Register."Medicare Program; Change to the Inpatient Hospital Prospective Payment System for Fiscal Year 1990 Rates."Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, September 1, 1989.
24.
Federal Register."Medicare Program; Fiscal Year 1986 Changes to the Inpatient Hospital System."Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, May 6, 1986.
25.
Federal Register."Medicare Program: Medicare Hospital Reimbursement Reforms: Limitations on Reimbursable Costs and the Rate of Hospital Cost Increases."Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, September 30, 1982.
26.
Federal Register."Medicare Program; Prospective Payments for Medicare Inpatient Hospital Services; Interim Final Rule."Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, September 1, 1983.
27.
Feldstein, M.Hospital Costs and Health Insurance. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
28.
Fetter, R. , V. Shin, J. Freeman, R. Averill, and J. Thompson. "Case Mix Definition by Diagnosis Related Groups."Medical Care (1980 Annual Supplement): 5-39.
29.
Fink, A. , E. M. Vano, and R. H. Brook. "The Condition of the Literature on Differences in Hospital Mortality."Medical Care47, no. 4 (April 1989): 315-336.
30.
Fitzgerald, J. F. , P. S. Moore, and R. S. Dittus. "The Care of Elderly Patients with Hip Fracture: Changes since the Implementation of the Prospective Payment System."New England Journal of Medicine319, no. 21 (24 November 1988): 1392-1397.
31.
Fuchs, V."Has Cost Containment Gone Too Far?"Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly64, no. 3 (Fall 1986a): 479-488.
32.
Fuchs, V.. The Health Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.
33.
General Accounting Office . Information Requirements for Evaluating the Impacts of Medicare Prospective Payment on Post-Hospital Long Term Care Services. Washington, DC: GAO, February 1985.
34.
Ginsburg, P. B. , and G. M. Carter. "Medicare Case Mix Increase."Health Care Financing Review7, no. 2 (Summer 1986): 51-65.
35.
Ginzberg, E."The Destabilization of Health Care."New England Journal of Medicine315 (18 September 1986): 757-761.
Goldsmith, J."Death of a Paradigm: The Challenge of Competition."Health Affairs4 (Fall 1984): 5-19.
38.
Gornick, M. , J. N. Greenberg, P. W. Eggers, and A. Dobson. "Twenty Years of Medicare and Medicaid: Covered Populations, Use of Benefits, and Program Expenditures."Health Care Financing Review (1985 Annual Supplement): 13-59.
39.
Guterman, S. , and A. Dobson. "Impact of the Medicare Prospective Payment System for Hospitals."Health Care Financing Review7, no. 3 (Spring 1986): 97-114.
40.
Guterman, S. , S. H. Altman, and D. A. Young. "Hospitals' Financial Performance in the First Five Years of PPS."Health Affairs9, no. 1 (Spring 1990): 123-134.
41.
Harris, J."The Internal Organization of Hospitals."Bell Journal of Economics8, no. 4 (1977): 467-482.
42.
Health Care Financing Administration . Report to Congress: Impact of the Medicare Hospital Prospective Payment System 1984 Annual Report. Baltimore, MD: HCFA, 1986.
43.
Health Care Financing Administration . . Report to Congress: Impact of the Medicare Hospital Prospective Payment System 1985 Annual Report. Baltimore, MD: HCFA, 1987a.
44.
Health Care Financing Administration . . Medicare Hospital Mortality Information: 1986. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1987b.
45.
Helbing, C. , and R. Keene. "Use and Cost of Short-Stay Hospital Inpatient Services under Medicare, 1986."Health Care Financing Review10, no. 4 (Summer 1989): 93-109.
46.
Iglehart, J."Fixed-Fee Medicine for Medicare."Issues in Science and Technology1, no. 1 (Fall 1984): 94-100.
47.
Jencks, S. F. , J. Daley, D. Draper, N. Thomas, G. Lenhart, and J. Walker. "Interpreting Hospital Mortality Data."Journal of the American Medical Association260, no. 24 (23 December 1988): 3611-3616.
48.
Jencks, S. F. , D. Williams, and T. Kay. "Assessing Hospital-Associated Deaths from Discharge Data."Journal of the American Medical Association260, no. 15 (21 October 1988): 2240-2246.
49.
Kahn, K. L. , R. Brook, D. Draper, E. Keeler, L. Rubenstein, W. Rogers, and J. Kosecoff. "Interpreting Hospital Mortality Data: How Should We Proceed?"Journal of the American Medical Association260, no. 24 (23 December 1988): 3625-3628.
50.
Krakauer, H."Symposium: Case Mix Measurement and Assessing Quality of Hospital Care."Health Care Financing Review (1987 Annual Supplement): 39-48.
51.
Lave, J. R."Hospital Reimbursement under Medicare."Healthcare Financial Management38, no. 7 (July 1984): 62-74.
52.
Long, M. J. , J. Chesney, R. Ament, S. DesHarnais, S. Fleming, E. Kobrinski, and B. Marshall. "The Effect of PPS on Hospital Product and Productivity."Medical Care25, no. 6 (June 1987): 528-538.
53.
Manning, W. G. , J. Newhouse, N. Duan, E. Keeler, A. Liebowitz, and M. Marquis. "Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care: Evidence from a Randomized Experiment."American Economic Review77, no. 3 (June 1987): 251-277.
54.
McCarthy, C. M."DRG's-Five Years Later."New England Journal of Medicine318, no. 25 (23 June 1988): 1683-1686.
55.
Mitchell, J. B. , G. Wedig, and J. Cromwell. "The Medicare Physician Fee Freeze: What Really Happened."Health Affairs8, no. 1 (Spring 1989): 21-32.
56.
National Medical Care Expenditure Survey . Health Insurance Coverage of Retired Persons. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, September 1989.
57.
Newhouse, J. P. , and D. J. Byrne. "Did Medicare's Prospective Payment System Cause Length of Stay to Fall?"Journal of Health Economics7, no. 4 (December 1988): 413-416.
58.
Office of the Inspector General. Department of Health and Human Services . Hospital Profitability in the Fourth Year of the Medicare Prospective Payment System. Washington, DC: September 1989a.
59.
Office of the Inspector General. Department of Health and Human Services . National DRG Validation Study: Special Report on Premature Discharges. Washington, DC: January 1988a.
60.
Office of the Inspector General. Department of Health and Human Services . Preliminary Analysis of Hospital Profit Margins in the Third Year of the Medicare Prospective Payment System. Washington, DC: January 1988b.
61.
Office of the Inspector General. Department of Health and Human Services . Status of Rural Hospitals under the Medicare Part A Prospective Payment System. Washington, DC: July 1989b.
62.
Office of Technology Assessment . Medicare's Prospective Payment System. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1985.
63.
Olson, M."Introduction." In A New Approach to the Economics of Health Care. Edited by M. Olson. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute, 1981.
64.
Owen, J. W.Hospital Payment Rates under the Medicare Program. Statement to the U.S. Senate Finance Committee. Washington, DC, April 7, 1987.
65.
Pettingill, J. , and J. Vertrees. "Reliability and Validity in Hospital Case Mix Measurement."Health Care Financing Review4, no. 2 (December 1982): 101-128.
66.
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission . Medicare Prospective Payment and the American Health Care System: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: June 1989a.
67.
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission . Medicare Prospective Payment and the American Health Care System. Washington, DC: June 1990.
68.
Prospective Payment Assessment Commission . 1990 Adjustments to the Medicare Prospective Payment Assessment Commission: Report to Congress. Washington, DC: November 1989b.
69.
Ready, T."Hospitals' Response to Death-Rate Studies Shifting."Health week4, no. 1 (8 January 1990): 9.
70.
Russell, L. B. , and C. L. Manning. "The Effect of Prospective Payment on Medicare Expenditures."New England Journal of Medicine320, no. 7 (16 February 1989): 439-444.
71.
Schramm, C. J."Prospective Payment: Some Retrospective Observations."New England Journal of Medicine318 (23 June 1988): 1681-1682.
72.
Schultze, C.The Politics and Economics of Public Spending. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1968.
73.
Schwartz, W."The Inevitable Failure of Current Cost Containment Strategies."Journal of the American Medical Association257, no. 2 (9 January 1987): 220-224.
74.
Schweiker, R.Report to Congress: Hospital Prospective Payment System for Medicare. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, December 1982.
75.
Sheingold, S. H."The First Three Years of PPS: Impact on Medicare Costs."Health Affairs8, no. 3 (Fall 1989): 191-204.
76.
Sheingold, S. H."Unintended Results of Medicare's National Prospective Payment Rates."Health Affairs5, no. 4 (Winter 1986): 5-21.
77.
Somers, H. M. , and A. R. Somers. Medicare and the Hospitals. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1967.
78.
Sowell, T.A Conflict of Visions. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1987.
79.
U.S. Congress. Senate. Special Committee on Aging . Aging America: Trends and Projections, 1987-1988 Edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1987.
80.
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Government Operations . Quicker and Sicker: Substandard Treatment of Medicare Patients. House report 101-387. Washington, DC, November 1989.
81.
Vladeck, B. C."Hospital Prospective Payment and the Quality of Care."New England Journal of Medicine319, no. 21 (24 November 1988): 1411-1413.
82.
Washington Report on Medicine and Health. Washington, DC: McGraw-Hill, June 15, 1981.
83.
Young, D. W. , and R. B. Saltman. The Hospital Power Equilibrium. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.
84.
Zubkoff, M. , ed. Health: A Victim or Cause of Inflation?New York: Prodist, 1976.