This paper examines the phonology of the first 50-word period of a Portuguese-Turkish bilingual child (1;7–1;10), with specific reference to selection/avoidance patterns. Results reveal clear patterns of avoidance related to language-independent segmental restrictions (front rounded vowels, back high unrounded vowel, initial fricatives, laterals and consonant clusters), and in some cases, to word/syllable shapes. Results also show lack of synonymy in his productive lexicon and very little variability.
BURLING, R. (1959) Language development of a Garo and English speaking child. Word, 15, 45–68.
2.
CRUTTENDEN, A. (1981) Item-learning and system-learning. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research10, 79–88.
3.
DRACHMAN, G. (1973a) Some strategies in the acquisition of phonology. In M.J. Kentsowicz & C.W. Kisseberth (eds.), Issues in phonological theory (pp. 145–159). The Hague: Mouton.
4.
DRACHMAN, G. (1973b) Generative phonology and child language acquisition. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics15, 146–159.
5.
FERGUSON, C.A. (1976) Learning to pronounce: the earliest stages of phonological development in the child. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development, 11, 1–27.
6.
FERGUSON, C.A. & FARWELL, C.B. (1975) Words and sounds in early language acquisition: English initial consonants in the first fifty words. Language, 51, 419–439.
7.
FRENCH, A. (1989) The systematic acquisition of word forms by a child during the first-fifty-word stage. Journal of Child Language16, 69–90.
8.
HOLMES, U.T. (1927) The phonology of an English-speaking child. American Speech5, 219–225.
9.
INGRAM, D. (1976) Phonological disability in children.London: Edward Arnold.
10.
INGRAM, D. (1978). The production of word-initial fricatives and affricates in normal and linguistically deviant children. In A. Caramazza & E. Zuriff (eds.), Language acquisition and language breakdown (pp. 63–85). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
11.
INGRAM, D. (1979). Phonological patterns in the speech of young children. In P. Fletcher & M. Garman (eds.), Language acquisition (pp. 133–149). Cambridge, U.K: Cambridge University Press.
12.
INGRAM, D. (1981/82). The emerging phonological system of an Italian English bilingual child. Journal of Italian Linguistics, 2, 95–113.
13.
ITKONEN, T. (1977). Huomita lapsen äänteistön kehitysestä [Notes on the acquisition of phonology]. Viritäjä 279--308 [English summary, 304--308].
14.
KIPARSKY, P. & MENN, L. (1977). On the acquisition of phonology. In J. Macnamara (ed.), Language learning and thought (pp. 47–78). New York: Academic Press.
15.
LEONARD, L.B., SCHWARTZ, R.G., MORRIS, B., & CHAPMAN, K. (1981). Factors influencing early lexical acquisition: lexical orientation and phonological composition. Child Development52, 882–887.
16.
LEOPOLD, W.F. (1947). Speech development of a bilingual child: A linguist's record (Volume II: Sound learning in the first two years).New York: Ams Press.
17.
LOCKE, J. (1983) Phonological acquisition and change.New York: Academic Press.
18.
MACKEN, M. & FERGUSON, C.A. (1983). Cognitive aspects of phonological development: model, evidence and issue. In K. Nelson (ed.), Children's language (Vol. 4, pp. 256–282). Hillsdale, N.J: Erlbaum.
19.
MACKEN, M.A. (1979). Developmental reorganization of phonology: a hierarchy of basic units of acquisition. Lingua, 49, 11–49.
20.
MAJOR, R. (1977). Phonological differentiation of a bilingual child. Ohio State University Working Papers in Linguistics, 22, 88–122.
21.
MENYUK, P. & L. MENN (1979). Early strategies for the perception and production of words and sounds. In P. Fletcher & M. M. Garman (eds.), Language acquisition (pp. 49–70). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
22.
NELSON, K. (1973). Structure and strategy in learning to talk. Monographs of the Society of Research in Child Development, 38 (No 149).
23.
OLMSTED, D.L. (1971). Out of the mouths of babes.The Hague: Mouton.
24.
RUHLEN, M. (1975). A Guide to the languages of the world.Stanford: Stanford University Press.
25.
SCHWARTZ, R.G. (1984). The phonologic system: Normal acquisition. In M. Costello (ed.), Speech disorders in children (pp. 25–74). Windsor: Nfer-Nelson.
26.
SCHWARTZ, R.G. & LEONARD, L.B. (1982) Do children pick and choose? An examination of phonological selection and avoidance in early lexical acquisition. Journal of Child Language, 9, 319–336.
27.
SCHWARTZ, R.G., LEONARD, L.B., LOEB, D.M. & SWANSON, L.A. (1987). Attempted sounds are sometimes not: an expanded view of phonological selection and avoidance. Journal of Child Language, 14, 411–418.
28.
SHIBOMOTO, J.S. & OLMSTED, D. (1978). Lexical and syllabic patterns in phonological acquisition. Journal of Child Language5, 417–457.
29.
VELTEN, H.V. (1943). The growth of phonemic and lexical patterns in infant language. Language, 19, 281–292.
30.
VIHMAN, M.M. (1971). On the acquisition of Estonian. Papers and Reportson Child Development3, 51–94.
31.
VIHMAN, M.M. (1981). Phonology and the development of the lexicon: evidence from children's errors. Journal of Child Language, 8, 239–264.
32.
VOGEL, I. (1975). One system or two: an analysis of a two-year old Romanian-English bilingual's phonology. Papers and Reports on Child Language Development9, 43–62.
33.
WATERSON, N. (1971). Child phonology: a prosodic view. Journal of Linguistics, 7, 179–211.
34.
WATERSON, N. (1978). Growth of complexity in phonological development. In N. Waterson & C.Snow (eds.), The development of communication (pp. 415–442). New York: Wiley.
