The paper offers a refinement of a model of code elaboration grounded in the data of an earlier multivariate analysis of markers of code in spoken English. Four modes of the code are postulated to exist that pre-select routes of choice through the system networks of the semantic stratum.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Adlam, D.S., Turner, C. and Lineker, L. ( 1977). Code in Context (London).
2.
Bernstein, B. ( 1958). Some sociological determinants of perception: An enquiry into sub-cultural differences. British Journal of Sociology , 9, 159-174.
3.
Bernstein, B. ( 1962a). Linguistic codes, hesitation phenomena and intelligence . Language and Speech, 5, 221-224.
4.
Bernstein, B. ( 1962b). Social class, linguistic codes and grammatical elements . Language and Speech, 5, 225-240.
5.
Bernstein, B. ( 1964). Elaborated and restricted codes: Their social origins and some consequences. In J.J. Gumperz and D. Hymes (eds.), The Ethnography of Communication [ = American Anthropologist , 66, 6, 2] , pp. 55-69.
6.
Bernstein, B. ( 1965). A socio linguistic approach to social learning . In J. Gould (ed.), Penguin Survey of the Social Sciences (London).
7.
Bernstein, B. ( 1971a). Social class, language and socialisation. In T.A. Sebeok, A.S. Abramson , D. Hymes, H. Rubenstein, E. Stankiewicz and B. Spolsky (eds.), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 12, (The Hague), pp. 1545-1562.
8.
Bernstein, B. ( 1971b). Class, Codes and Control: Vol. 1. Theoretical Studies towards a Sociology of Language (London).
9.
Berry, M. ( 1977). Introduction to Systemic Linguistics: II Levels and Links (London).
10.
Bolinger, D. ( 1972). Degree Words (The Hague).
11.
De Beaugrande, R. and Dressler, W. ( 1981). Introduction to Text Linguistics (London and New York) .
12.
Fawcett, R.P. ( 1973). Systemic functional grammar in a cognitive model of language. Mimeograph, University College, London.
13.
Fawcett, R.F. ( 1980). Cognitive Linguistics and Social Interaction: Towards an Integrated Model of a Systemic Functional Grammar and the other Components of a Communicating Mind (Exeter).
14.
Greenberg, J.H. ( 1966). Language Universals (The Hague).
15.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1967). Notes on transitivity and theme in English. Journal of Linguistics, 2, 199-244.
16.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1970a). Language structure and language function. In J. Lyons (ed.), New Horizons in Linguistics (Harmondsworth, England), pp. 140-165.
17.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1970b). Functional diversity in language as seen from a consideration of modality and mood in English. Foundations of Language, 6, 322-361.
18.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1973). Explorations in the Functions of Language (London) .
19.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1978). Language as Social Semiotic (London).
20.
Halliday, M.A.K. ( 1979). Modes of meaning and modes of expression: Types of grammatical structure, and their determination by different semantic functions . In D.J. Allerton, E. Carney and D. Holdcraft (eds.), Function and Content in Linguistic Analysis: A Festschriftfor William Haas (Cambridge), pp. 57-79.
21.
Hawkins, P.R. ( 1977). Social Class, the Nominal Group and Verbal Strategies (London).
22.
Hodge, R. and Kress, G. ( 1979). Language as Ideology (London).
23.
Huddleston, R.D. ( 1965). Rank and depth. Language, 41,574-586.
24.
Huddleston, R.D. ( 1971). The Sentence in Written English (Cambridge).
Hymes, D. ( 1977). Foundations in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach (Tavistock).
27.
Jakobson, R. ( 1932). Zur Struktur des Russischen Verbums (Prague).
28.
Jakobson, R. ( 1960). Closing statement: Linguistics and poetics. In T.A. Sebeok (ed.), Style in Language (Cambridge, Mass.), pp. 350-377.
29.
Kress, G. ( 1982). Learning to Write (London).
30.
Lees, R.B. ( 1963). An analysis of the 'Cleft Sentence' in English . Zeitschrift für Phonetik, 16, 371-388.
31.
Malinowski, B. ( 1923). The problem of meaning in primitive languages. Supplement to C.K. Ogden and I.A. Richards, The Meaning of Meaning (London) .
32.
Quirk, R., Greenbaum, S., Leech, G. and Svartuik, J. ( 1972). A Grammar of Contemporary English (London).
33.
Rosenbaum, P.S. ( 1967). Phrase structure principles of English complex sentence formation. Journal of Linguistics, 3, 103-118.
34.
Rushton, J. and Young, G.M. ( 1975). Context and complexity in working class language . Language and Speech, 18, 366-387.
35.
Sinclair, J.McH. ( 1972). A Course in Spoken English: Grammar (London).
36.
Sinclair, J. McH. and Coulthard, R.M. ( 1975). Towards an Analysis of Discourse: The English used by Teachers and Pupils (London).
37.
Trubetzkoy, N.S. ( 1931). Die phonologischen Systeme. Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Prague, 4,96-116.
38.
Turner, G.J. and Pickvance, R.E. ( 1973). Social class differences in the expression of uncertainty in five-year-old children. In Bernstein, B. (ed.), Class, Codes and Control, Vol. 2: Applied Studies towards a Sociology of Language (London), pp. 93-119.
39.
Young, G.M. ( 1982). The elaborated code: A new formulation within a functional framework. Language and Speech, 25, 81-94.
40.
Zipf, G.K. ( 1949). Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort (Cambridge, Mass.).
