The effect of three levels of word frequency and two word lengths on articulation duration and pause time during immediate (IAF) and delayed auditory feedback (DAF) was investigated in 20 subjects. The articulation duration of all words lengthened during DAF, with long words showing the greatest effect. Pause time during IAF increased as word frequency declined, and also increased before long words, but was only slightly lengthened during DAF on high and middle frequency words. The results were discussed in terms of feedback-dependent levels of processing in the production of speech as a skilled movement.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Brayton, E.R. ( 1976). The relationship between changes in dysfluency and selected prosodic parameters of stutterers' speech during noise and rhythmic stimulation . Dissert. Abstracts Inter., 36, 4965B.
2.
Berry, C. ( 1971). Advanced frequency information and verbal response times . Psychol. Science, 23, 151-2.
3.
Borden, G., Dorman, M., Freeman, F.J. and Raphael, L.J. ( 1977). Electromyographic changes with delayed auditory feedback of speech. J. Phonetics, 5, 1-8.
4.
Dalrymple-Alford, E.C. ( 1973). The effect of delayed auditory feedback on reading as a function of the syllabic length of the words. Language and Speech, 16, 182-7.
5.
Danzger, M. and Halpern, H. ( 1973). Relation of stuttering to word abstraction, part of speech, word length and word frequency. Percept. Mot. Skills , 37, 959-62.
6.
Fairbanks, G. and Guttman, N. ( 1958). Effects of delayed auditory feedback upon articulation . J. Speech. Hear. Res., 1, 12-22.
7.
Forster, K.I. and Chambers, S. ( 1973). Lexical access and naming time. J. verb. Learn. verb. Beh., 12, 627-35.
8.
Glencross, D. ( 1977). Control of skilled movements. Psychol. Bull., 84, 14-29.
9.
Goldman-Eisler, F. ( 1958). Speech production and the predictability of words in context. Quart. J. exper. Psychol., 10, 96-106.
10.
Howes, D. ( 1966). A word count of spoken English. J. verb. Learn. verb. Beh., 5, 572-606.
11.
Klapp, S.J. ( 1971). Implicit speech inferred from response latencies in same different decisions. J. exper. Psychol., 91, 262-7.
12.
Kucera, H. and Francis, W.N. ( 1969). Computational Analysis of Present-day American English (Providence, Rhode Island).
13.
Lee, B.A. ( 1950). Some effects of side tone delay. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 22, 639-40.
14.
Soderberg, G.A. ( 1966). The relations of stuttering to word length and word frequency . J. Speech Hear. Res., 9, 584-9.
15.
Soderberg, G.A. ( 1969). Delayed auditory feedback and the speech of stutterers: a review of studies. J. Speech Hear. Dis., 34, 20-9.
16.
Welford, A.J. ( 1974). On the sequencing of action. Brain Res. , 71, 381-92.
