Intelligible English has been synthesized in part “by rule”, with a system consisting of a computer programme and an electronic analogue synthesizer. Methods for the synthesis of the various phonetic classes and their transitions are described.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Delattre, P. C., Liberman, A. M. and Cooper, F. S., (1955). Acoustic loci and transitional cues for consonants. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 27, 769.
2.
Fant, G., (1959). Acoustic analysis and synthesis of speech with applications to Swedish (Stockholm).
3.
Harris, K. S., Hoffman, H. S., Liberman, A. M., Delattre, P. C. and Cooper, F. S., (1958). Effect of third-formant transitions on the perception of the voiced stop consonantsJ. acoust. Soc. Amer., 30, 122.
4.
Harris, K. S., (1958). Cues for the discrimination of American English fricatives in spoken syllables. Language and Speech, 1, 1.
5.
House, A. and Fairbanks, G., (1953). Influence of consonant environment upon the secondary acoustic characteristics of vowels. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 25, 105.
6.
House, A., (1961). On vowel duration in English. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 33, 1174.
7.
Hughes, G. W. and Halle, M., (1956). Spectral properties of fricative consonants. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 28, 303.
8.
Ingemann, F. and Anthony, J., (1960). The specification of speech sounds by means of acoustic parameters (Phonetics Department, University of Edinburgh).
9.
Jassem, W., (1962). The formant patterns of fricative consonants. Quarterly Progress and Status Report 3/1962 (Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm).
10.
Kelly, J. L. and Gerstman, L. J., (1961). An artificial talker driven from a phonetic input. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 33, 835 (A).
11.
Kelly, J. L. and Lochbaum, C., (1962). Speech synthesis. Speech Communication Seminar, Stockholm, Session F.
12.
Liberman, A. M., Delattre, P. C., Cooper, F. S. and Gerstman, L. J., (1954). The rôle of consonant-vowel transitions in the perception of the stop and nasal consonants. Psychol. Monogr., 68, No. 8, 1.
13.
Liberman, A. M., Ingemann, F., Lisker, L., Delattre, P. and Cooper, F. S., (1959). Minimal rules for synthesizing speech. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 31, 1490.
14.
Lindblom, B., (1963). On vowel reduction (Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm).
15.
Lisker, L., (1957). Minimal cues for separating /w, r, l, y/ in intervocalic position. Word, 13, 256.
16.
Lisker, L., (1957). Closure duration and the intervocalic voiced-voiceless distinction in English. Language, 33, 42.
17.
O'Connor, J. D., Gerstman, L. J., Liberman, A. M., Delattre, P. C. and Cooper, F. S., (1957). Acoustic cues for the perception of initial /w, j, r, l/ in English. Word, 13, 24.
18.
Peterson, G. E. and Lehiste, I., (1960). Duration of syllable nuclei in English. J. acoust. Soc. Amer., 32, 693.
19.
Potter, R. K., Kopp, G. A. and Green, H. C., (1947). Visible Speech (New York).
20.
Shearme, J. N. and Holmes, J. N., (1961). An experimental study of the classification of sounds in continuous speech according to their distribution in the formant 1-formant 2 plane. Proc. IVth Int. Cong. of Phonetic Sciences (Helsinki), 234.
