A review of the comparative anatomy of the domestic pig ( Sus scrofa domestica ) and its relevance to translational research in abdominal transplantation

Abstract

This narrative review summarizes and synthesizes the current literature regarding the comparative anatomy of pigs and humans, focusing on organ systems commonly involved in abdominal transplantation with the aim of supporting the safe and effective use of porcine models in preclinical studies. It also integrates practical insights from experimental surgery to highlight key considerations in perioperative care and surgical technique in porcine models. Pigs demonstrate substantial anatomical and physiological similarities to humans, making them ideal large-animal models for transplantation research. The recent surge in reports concerning clinical porcine xenotransplantation underscores the increasing importance of comprehending this comparative anatomy in the forthcoming years. However, critical species-specific anatomical differences particularly involving the gastrointestinal tract, hepatobiliary system, genitourinary tract and vascular structures require careful understanding to avoid surgical complications. Proper handling, perioperative care and awareness of porcine-specific stress responses and arrhythmias susceptibility are also essential to prevent premature animal loss. A thorough understanding therefore of porcine comparative anatomy is essential for transplant researchers conducting large animal surgery. Such knowledge improves experimental outcomes, supports adherence to the 3Rs (Replacement, Reduction and Refinement) and enhances the translational value of porcine models in transplantation research.