A case history involving a middle school's implementation of an integrated collaborative program for students with mild disabilities is presented as a foundation for initiating a dialogue regarding the realities of inclusion. The literature on inclusion is discussed in relation to the context of the case history, and readers are invited to respond to the issues and questions presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Affleck, J. Q., Madge, S., Adams, A., & Lowenbraun, S. (1988). Integrated classroom versus resource model: Academic viability and effectiveness.Exceptional Children, 54, 339–348.
2.
Baker, J. M., & Zigmond, N. (1990). Are regular education classes equipped to accommodate students with learning disabilities?Exceptional Children, 56, 515–526.
3.
Bear, G. G., Clever, A., & Proctor, W. A. (1991). Self-perceptions of nonhandicapped children and children with learning disabilities in integrated classes.The Journal of Special Education, 24, 409–426.
4.
Bear, G. G., & Proctor, W. A. (1990). Impact of a full-time integrated program on the achievement of nonhandicapped and mildly handicapped children.Exceptionality, 1, 227–238.
5.
Carlberg, C., & Kavale, K. (1980). The efficacy of special versus regular class placement for exceptional children: A meta-analysis.The Journal of Special Education, 14, 295–309.
6.
Cubberly, E. P. (1934). Readings in public education in the United States: A collection of sources and readings to integrate the history of educational practice and progress in the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
7.
Falvey, M. A., Coots, J., Bishop, K. D., & Grenot-Scheyer, M. (1989). Educational and curricular adaptations. In S. Stainback, W. Stainback, & M. Forest (Eds.), Educating all students in the mainstream of regular education (pp. 143–158. Baltimore: Brookes.
8.
Forest, M., & Lusthaus, E. (1989). Promoting educational equality for all students: Circles and maps. In S. Stainback, W. Stainback, & M. Forest (Eds.), Educating all students in the mainstream of regular education (pp. 43–57. Baltimore: Brookes.
9.
Forest, M., & Lusthaus, E. (1990). Everyone belongs with the MAPS Action Planning System.Teaching Exceptional Children, 22(2), 32–35.
10.
Forest, M., & Pearpoint, J. (1991). Two roads: Exclusion or inclusion?Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 19(1), 1–11.
11.
Fuchs, D., & Fuchs, L. S. (1995). What's "special" about special education?Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 522–530.
12.
Gartner, A., & Lipsky, D. K. (1987). Beyond special education: Toward a quality education for all students.Harvard Educational Review, 57, 367–395.
13.
Giangreco, M. F., Dennis, R., Cloninger, C., Edelman, S., & Schattman., R. (1993). "I've counted Jon": Transformational experiences of teachers educating students with disabilities.Exceptional Children, 59, 359–372.
14.
Hamre-Nietupski, S., McDonald, J., & Nietupski, J. (1992). Integrating elementary students with multiple disabilities into supported regular classes: Challenges and solutions.Teaching Exceptional Children, 24(3), 6–9.
15.
Hodgkinson, H. (1991). Reform versus reality.Phi Delta Kappan, 73, 9–16.
16.
Hord, S. M., Rutherford, W. L., Huling-Austin, L., & Hall, G. E. (1987). Taking charge of change. Alexandria, VA: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.
17.
Jenkins, J. R., Jewell, M., Leicester, N., O'Connor, R. E., Jenkins, L., & Troutner, N. M. (1994). Accommodations for individual differences without classroom ability groups: An experiment in school restructuring.Exceptional Children, 60, 344–358.
18.
Jones, M. M., & Carlier, L. L. (1995). Creating inclusionary opportunities for learners with multiple disabilities: A team-teaching approach.Teaching Exceptional Children, 27(3), 23–27.
19.
Juvonen, J., & Bear, G. (1992). Social adjustment of children with and without learning disabilities in integrated classrooms.Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 322–330.
20.
Kagan, D. M., & Tippins, D. J. (1991). Helping student teachers attend to students' cues.The Elementary School Journal, 91, 343–356.
21.
Kozleski, E. B., & Jackson, L. (1993). Taylor's story: Full inclusion in her neighborhood elementary school.Exceptionality, 4, 153–175.
22.
Kronberg, R., Jackson, L., Sheets, G., & Rogers-Connolly, T. (1995). A toolbox for supporting integrated education.Teaching Exceptional Children, 27(4), 54–58.
23.
Lipsky, D. K., & Gartner, A. (1996). Inclusive education and school restructuring. In W. Stainback & S. Stainback (Eds.), Controversial issues confronting special education: Divergent perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 3–15. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
24.
Louis, K. S. (1986). Reforming secondary schools: A critique and an agenda for administrators.Educational Leadership, 44, 33–36.
25.
Lowenbraun, S., Madge, S., & Affleck, J. (1990). Parental satisfaction with integrated class placements of special education and general education students.Remedial and Special Education, 11(4), 37–40. 36.
26.
Madge, S., Affleck, J., & Lowenbraun, S. (1990). Social effects of integrated classrooms and resource room/regular class placements on elementary students with learning disabilities.Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 439–445.
27.
Peterson, P. L., & Clark, C. M. (1978). Teachers' reports on their cognitive processes during teaching.American Education Research Journal, 15, 417–432.
28.
Reynolds, M. C., Wang, M. C., & Walberg, H. J. (1987). The necessary restructuring of regular and special education.Exceptional Children, 53, 391–398.
29.
Sindelar, P. T., & Deno, S. L. (1978). The effectiveness of resource programming.The Journal of Special Education, 12, 17–28.
30.
Stainback, S., Stainback, W., & Ayres, B. (1996). Schools as inclusive communities. In W. Stainback & S. Stainback (Eds.), Controversial issues confronting special education: Divergent perspectives (2nd ed., pp. 31–43. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
31.
Stainback, S., Stainback, W., & Slavin, R. (1989). Classroom organization for diversity among students. In S. Stainback, W. Stainback, & M. Forest (Eds.), Educating all students in the mainstream of regular education (pp. 131–142. Baltimore: Brookes.
32.
Stainback, W., & Stainback, S. (1984). A rationale for the merger of regular and special education.Exceptional Children, 51, 102–111.
33.
Stainback, W., Stainback, S., & Stefanich, G. (1996). Learning together in inclusive classrooms: What about the curriculum?Teaching Exceptional Children, 25(3), 14–19.
34.
Thousand, J. S., & Villa, R. A. (1991). Accommodating for greater student variance. In M. Ainscow (Ed.), Effective schools for all (pp. 161–180. Baltimore: Brookes.
35.
Van Dyke, R., Stallings, M. A., & Colley, K. (1995). How to build an inclusive school community: A success story.Phi Delta Kappan, 76, 475–479.
36.
Villa, R. A., & Thousand, J. S. (1988). Enhancing success in heterogeneous classrooms and schools.Teacher Education and Special Education, 11, 144–154.
37.
Welch, M., Richards, G., Okada, T., Richards, J., & Prescott, S. (1995). A consultation and paraprofessional pull-in system of service delivery.Remedial and Special Education, 16, 16–28.
38.
White, A. E., & White, L. L. (1992). A collaborative model for students with mild disabilities in middle schools.Focus on Exceptional Children, 24(9), 1–10.
39.
Williams, W., & Fox, T. J. (1996). Planning for inclusion: A practical process.Teaching Exceptional Children, 28(3), 6–13.
40.
Wooffolk, A. E. (1993). Educational psycholog. (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
41.
York, J., Doyle, M. B., & Kronberg, R. (1992). A curriculum development process for inclusive classrooms.Focus on Exceptional Children, 25(4), 1–16.
42.
York, J., Vandercook, T., MacDonald, C., Heise-Neff, C., & Caughey, E. (1992). Feedback about integrating middle-school students with severe disabilities in general education classes.Exceptional Children, 58, 244–258.
43.
Zigmond, N. (1995). Inclusion in Pennsylvania: Educational experiences of students with learning disabilities in one elementary school.The Journal of Special Education, 29, 124–132.
44.
Zigmond, N., & Baker, J. (1990). Main-streaming experiences for learning disabled students (Project MELD): Preliminary report.Exceptional Children, 57, 176–185.