HIV, the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), was originally thought to affect only the immune system. However, a review of the medical literature indicates that HIV may also directly infect the brain, especially in children. The most profound result of brain involvement in HIV infection for children is the marked delay of developmental milestones, particularly motor function, or the actual loss of milestones previously attained by the infant or child. The areas of the brain most affected by the virus are the basal ganglia and the thalamus, which show considerable calcification. Implications for the future are discussed in terms of dealing with chronic illness and possible educational needs should these brain-damaged children be healthy enough to eventually attend school. Those with interest in special education and child development are beginning to recognize the far-reaching effects HIV has on children. Now we must address the implications of those effects in an ever-increasing population of children with AIDS. Research in this area is urgently needed and should become a priority area for educational and developmental specialists.
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