The study developed and used a self-report graphic Multisensory Imagery Scale (MIS) to analyze imaginal behavior and to test the hypothesis that multisensory imagery is a specific teacher competency associated with effective pedagogy, particularly in special education. The MIS was field-tested, abbreviated, performed on teacher-trainees, examined for test-retest reliability, and compared to performance criteria. Twenty image-evoking phrases of the MIS, cumulatively self-scored for the six sensory areas, yielded consistent imagery responses in agreement with ratings of lesson plans and teaching. The data defended the hypotheses, indicated the scale's limited usefulness as a criterion for evaluating groups of interns and training programs, and implied support for competency-based teacher education if properly validated.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahsen, A.Psycheye: Self-analytic consciousness. New York: Brandon House, 1977.
2.
Ashton, R., & White, K.The effects of instructions on subjects' imagery questionnaire scores. Social Behavior and Personality, 1975, 3, 41-43.
3.
Beiman, I.The effects of instructional set on physiological response to stressful imagery . Behavior Research and Therapy, 1976, 14, 175-179.
4.
Bower, G., & Clark C. C.Narrative stories as mediators for serial learning . Psychonomic Science, 1969, 14, 181-182.
5.
Bracht, G.H.Experimental factors related to aptitude-treatment interactions. Review of Educational Research, 1970, 40, 627-645.
6.
Broadbent, D.E.The hidden preattentive processes. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 109-118.
Goldberg, F.Effects of imagery on learning incidental material in the classroom. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1974, 66, 233-237.
16.
Gumenik, W.E.Imagery and association in incidental learning. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1976, 73, 241-242.
17.
Hammill, D.D., & Bartel, N.R.Teaching children with learning and behavior problems. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1975.
18.
Honorton, C.Psi and mental imagery: Keeping score on the Betts Scale. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research, 1975 , 69, 327-332.
19.
Houston, W.R.Competency based education. In W. R. Houston (Ed.), Exploring competency based education. Berkeley: McCutcheon, 1974.
20.
Ikeda, Y., & Hirai, H.Voluntary control of electrodermal activity in relation to imagery and internal perception scores. Psychophysiology, 1976, 13, 330-337.
21.
Johnson-Laird, N.N.Experimental psycholinguistics. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 25). Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1974.
22.
Khatena, J.Vividness of imagery and creative self perceptions. Gifted Child Quarterly, 1975, 19, 33-37.
23.
Montague, W.E., & Carter, J.F.Vividness of imagery in recalling connected discourse. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1973, 64, 72-75.
24.
Myklebust, H.R.Development and disorders of written language (Vol. 2): Studies of normal and exceptional children. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1973.
25.
Nelson, G.K.Concomitant effects of visual, motor, and verbal experiences in young children's concept development. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1976, 68, 466-473.
26.
Neman, R., Roos, P., McCann, B.M., Menolascino, F.J., & Heal, L.W.An experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning used with mentally retarded children. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1975, 79, 372-384.
27.
Paivio, A.Mental imagery in associative learning and memory. Psychological Review, 1969,76, 241-263.
28.
Paivio, A.Imagery and synchronic thinking. Canadian Psychological Review , 1975, 16, 147-163.
29.
Paivio, A., & Csapo, K.Picture superiority in free recall: Imagery or dual coding? Cognitive Psychology, 1973, 5, 176-206.
30.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J.C., & Madigan, S.A.Concreteness, imagery and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1968, 76 (1, pt. 2).
31.
Panagiotov, N., & Sheihk, A.A.Eidetic psychotherapy: Introduction and evaluation. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1974, 20, 231-241.
32.
Pettigrew, L.E.Competency-based teacher education: Teacher training for multicultural education . In W. A. Hunter (Ed.), Multicultural education through competency-based teacher education. Washington, D.C.: American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, 1974.
33.
Postman, L.Verbal learning and memory. In M. R. Rosenzweig & L. W. Porter (Eds.), Annual review of psychology (Vol. 26). Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1975.
34.
Pressley, G.M.Mental imagery helps eight-year-olds remember what they read. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1976, 68, 355-359.
35.
Pylyshyn, Z.W.What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: A critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 80, 1-24.
36.
Reing, A.B.The effects of oculomotor conditioning and perceptual training on impulsivity, mode of imagery, vocational aspiration, and educational achievement (Doctoral dissertation, New York University). Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms, 1970, No. 70-15, 976.
37.
Reing, A.B.Etiology, effects, differentiation, and remediation of measurable visual-perceptual dysfunction (HDSA). Psychoeducational Journal for the Treatment of Children, 1974, 1, 12-19.
38.
Reing, A.B.Learning and behavioral correlates in learning-disabled pupils prone to heterozygous thalassemia and sicklemia. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1975, 127, 305-316. (a)
39.
Reing, A.B.Sensoristatic effects of conditioning and/or training on specific visual-perceptual dysfunction. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology , 1975, 5, 341-342 (Ms. No. 1126). (b)
40.
Reing, A.B.Dyscalculia in normal and retarded children: Etiology and treatment. Psychoeducational Journal for the Treatment of Children, 1976 , 3, 7-15 (a)
41.
Reing, A.B.Effects of task-analytic training on multisensory imagery and teacher competence . JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1976, 6, 119 (Ms. No. 1380). (b)
42.
Reing, A.B.Specific visual-perceptual dysfunction : Sex, class, and age correlates in exceptional and normal children. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 1977, 7, 50 (Ms. No. 1486).
43.
Rosner, B.The promise of competency-based teacher education. New York University Education Quarterly, 1973, 4, 1-6.
44.
Schlaegel, T.P.The dominant mode of imagery in blind as compared to sighted adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1953, 58, 265-277.
45.
Senter, R.J., & Hoffman, R.R.Bizarre-ness as a nonessential variable in mnemonic imagery: A confrontation . Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 1976 , 72, 163-164.
46.
Sheehan, P.W.A shortened form of Betts' Questionnaire Upon Mental Imagery. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1967,23, 386-389.
47.
Shores, R.E., Cegelka. P.T., & Nelson, C.M.Competency based special education teacher training. Exceptional Children, 1973, 40, 192-197.
48.
Siegel, S.Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1956.
49.
Smith, R.M.Clinical teaching: Methods of instruction for the retarded (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974.
50.
Taylor, A.M., Josberger, M., & Whitely, S.E.Elaboration instruction and verbalization as factors facilitating retarded children's recall. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1973, 64, 341-346.
Turner, R.Teacher education: The whys and hows of reform. American Teacher , February 1975,59, 8-9.
53.
Vallett, R.E.The remediation of learning disabilities: A handbook of psychoeducational resource programs (2nd ed.). Belmont, Calif.: Fearon, 1974.
54.
van der Veur, B.W.Imagery rating of 1,000 frequently used words. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1975, 67, 44-56.
55.
Waugh, R.P.Relationship between modality preference and performance. Exceptional Children, 1973,39, 465-469.
56.
Wittrock, M.C., & Goldberg, S.I.Imagery and meaningfulness in free recall: Word attributes and instructional sets. Journal of General Psychology , 1975, 92, 137-151.
Yuille, J.C.Concreteness without imagery in PA learning. Psychonomic Science , 1968, 11, 55-56.
59.
Zigler, E., & Seitz, V.On "An experimental evaluation of sensorimotor patterning": A critique. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1975, 79, 483-492.
60.
Zupnick, J.J., & Meyer, P.A.Long-term effectiveness of imagery instructions of retarded persons. American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 1975, 79, 519-525.
61.
Reing, A. B. (Ed.). Handbook of student research on teaching the retarded. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Convention of the Corinthian Medical and Health Services Organization, 1978, 3, 1-5 (Summary).
62.
Reing, A.B.Effects of task-analytic training on multisensory imagery, planning, and teaching of mathematics to retardates through bowling. In A. B. Reing (Chm.), A bowling-mathematics program for the retarded: A competence-based training program for teacher-interns. Paper presented at the meeting of the New York State Council for Exceptional Children, Buffalo, N.Y., November 1974 .
63.
Reing, A.B.Task-analytic perceptomotor training of neuropathic retardates in socio-recreational school-college-community programs. Paper presented at the meeting of the New York State Council for Exceptional Children-American Association on Mental Deficiency-Syracuse University Bicentiennial Conference , Syracuse, N.Y., November 1976.
