The purpose of this study was to document the history of the National High School Orchestra (NHSO), a select ensemble organized by Joseph E. Maddy under the auspices of the Music Supervisors' National Conference during the 1920s and 1930s. Research questions examined the orchestra's (1) origin, performances, and operation; (2) instrumentation and repertoire; (3) influence on music education; and (4) implications for modern practice. The first NHSO was assembled for the 1926 meeting of the Music Supervisors' National Conference in Detroit, Michigan. Initially led by Maddy, this ensemble was reorganized in 1927, 1928, 1930, 1932, and 1938. The NHSO helped promote instrumental music education through conference performances, radio broadcasts, and concerts presented throughout the country. This organization also demonstrated the potential of high school musicians and served as a basis for the NHSO Camp—the institution known today as the Interlochen Center for the Arts.
Joseph E. Maddy, "First All State Group" [manuscript], n.d., Interlochen Center for the Arts (ICA) Records, Box 1, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; "Personals," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1921): 30-32; Joseph E. Maddy, "The Introduction and Development of Instrumental Music," in Papers and Proceedings of the Music Teachers National Association (Hartford, CT: Music Teachers National Association, 1928), 201; and "All-State Orchestras," Music Supervisors' Journal (February 1929): 75, 77.
2.
Edgar B. Gordon, "The First National High School Orchestra,"Music Educators Journal (April- May 1956): 36; and "National High School Orchestra Reunion," Music Educators Journal (February- March 1956): 70.
3.
Joseph E. Maddy, "Just an Idea (A National Orchestra Summer Camp)," Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1927): 71-72; and George C. Wilson, "It Seemed Like a Good Idea," Music Educators Journal (April-May 1957): 54.
4.
Dean Boal, Interlochen: A Home for the Arts (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998), 42.
5.
"About Interlochen," http://www.interlochen.org/about/ (accessed May 30, 2008).
6.
Joseph E. Maddy, "Report of the Committee on Instrumental Affairs," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1930): 55; and Karl W. Gehrkens, "Why Music Camps," Music Educators Journal (September 1934): 15.
7.
For additional information on the history of Interlochen and the life of Joseph E. Maddy, see Boal, Interlochen; Norma Lee Browning, Joe Maddy of Interlochen: Profile of a Legend (Chicago: Contemporary Books, 1992); Norma Lee Browning, Joe Maddy of Interlochen (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1963); and Interlochen, Changing Lives for 75 Years (Interlochen, MI: Interlochen Center for the Arts, 2003).
8.
See Edward Bailey Birge, History of Public School Music in the United States, new and augmented ed. (Bryn Mawr, PA: Oliver Ditson, 1937), 209, 269, 271, 297; Boal, Interlochen, 3, 30-32, 34, 40, 52, 72, 74; Michael L. Mark and Charles L. Gary, A History of American Music Education, 3d ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 243, 282, 311, 320; and Browning, Joe Maddy of Interlochen (1963), 176-88, 193-94, 204-206.
9.
According to George N. Heller, the goals of historical research are to (1) understand current conditions or practices; (2) complete, verify, or correct errors in the existing record; and (3) satisfy interest or curiosity; "Historical Research in Music Education," Philosophy of Music Education Review61, no. 4 (1998): 84-85. This study fulfills these goals in connection with the history of the National High School Orchestra (NHSO).
10.
Birge, History of Public School Music, 166, 178-80.
11.
Bureau of Education, A Report of the Commission on the Reorganization of Secondary Education, Appointed by the National Education Association, bulletin no. 35 ( Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1918); and Herbert M. Kliebard, The Struggle for the American Curriculum , 3rd ed. (New York: Routledge-Falmer, 2004), 1, 96-97, 189.
12.
Gladys Arthur Brown, "Instrumental Music in Our Public Schools (Part 3)," Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1917): 24-26.
13.
Mark and Gary, A History, 291; and Abbie Clarke Hogan, "Orchestra-Band Data," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1922): 32-35.
14.
Gladys Arthur Brown, "Instrumental Music in Our Public Schools (Part 1)," Music Supervisors' Journal (November 1916): 12.
15.
Jere T. Humphreys, "An Overview of American Public School Bands and Orchestras before World War II," Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, no. 101 (1989): 53.
16.
Ibid., 55; Charles D. Whitehill, "Sociological Conditions Which Contributed to the Growth of the School Band Movement in the United States," Journal of Research in Music Education17 (1969): 180-87; Birge, History of Public School Music, 302-3.
17.
Paul Barton Grover, "The Development of String Class Instruction in American Schools and Its Relationship to School Orchestras" (EdD diss., University of Illinois, 1960), 105. District, state, and national contests for school bands (1924-1936) and orchestras (1928-1937) were sponsored by Music Supervisors' National Conference (MSNC) until 1937, when ten regional competitions throughout the United States replaced these events. James Edwin Moore, "The National School Band Contests from 1924-1931" (PhD diss., University of Michigan, 1968), 253.
18.
Studies by George Wedge ( 1941) and William A. Hoppe (1949), cited by Grover, " The Development of String Class Instruction," 105.
19.
Jere T. Humphreys, "Instrumental Music in American Education: In Service of Many Masters," Journal of Band Research 30, no. 2 (1995): 48; and Robert Gillespie and Donald L. Hamann, "The Status of Orchestra Programs in the Public Schools," Journal of Research in Music Education 46 (1988): 76
20.
Boal, Interlochen , 18-19; "The Soul behind the National Orchestra: An Interview with Its Founder," Supervisors Service Bulletin , January-February 1929, 17.
21.
Joseph E. Maddy, Ann Arbor, Michigan, to C. Paul Harper, Evanston, Illinois, March 5, 1953, ALS, ICA Records, Box 1; "Concert Program for the Richmond High School Orchestra of Richmond, Indiana, at the Music Supervisors' National Conference, March 20-25, 1922," ICA Records, Box 1; and Joseph E. Maddy, "Twenty-Five Years of Instrumental Music," Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1932): 55.
22.
Boal, Interlochen, 21. For a description of the supervisor's duties in Richmond, see Hubert S. Conover, "Memories of Will Earhart," in Will Earhart: A Steadfast Philosophy (Washington, DC: Music Educators National Conference, 1962), 135-38.
23.
Mark and Gary, A History, 188.
24.
Birge, History of Public School Music, 165-73.
25.
Although other methods for class instruction had been published, Universal Teacher was the first to teach all instruments through unison melodies. Mark and Gary, A History, 314.
26.
Boal, Interlochen, 22; and "The Soul behind the National Orchestra,"41.
27.
Moore, " The National School Band Contests," 237-38.
28.
Boal, Interlochen, 39.
29.
Constance Armfield Sanders, " A History of Radio Music Education in the United States, with an Emphasis on the Activities of Music Educators and Certain Radio Music Series Designed for Elementary and Secondary Use" (DME diss., University of Cincinnati, 1990), 187-96.
30.
"MENC Past National Presidents," http://www.menc.org/about/view/menc-past-national-presidents (accessed May 30, 2008). MSNC was renamed Music Educators National Conference in 1934. Edward Bailey Birge, History of Public School Music, 274.
31.
Moore, "The National School Band Contests," 53, 113; "Plans Pupils' Orchestra," New York Times, May 27, 1928, 27; and "Southwestern Conference," Music Supervisors' Journal (December 1928): 55.
32.
"In the News," Music Educators Journal (February-March 1961): 12; and "In Memoriam," Music Educators Journal (September 1966): 104.
33.
Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 36. The supervisors' orchestra was eliminated after the 1926 conference. Maddy , "The Introduction and Development of Instrumental Music," 202.
34.
Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 36; and Maddy, "The Introduction and Development of Instrumental Music," 203.
35.
"The National High School Orchestra," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1925): 42, 44; and Joseph E. Maddy, "Plan of Organization," in Journal of Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Held at Detroit, Michigan April 12-16, 1926 (Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1926), 214.
36.
"The National High School Orchestra," 42, 44; and Joseph E. Maddy, National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 1, December 7, 1925, ICA Records, Box 2.
37.
Gabrilowitsch, quoted by Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 36.
38.
Ibid., 39.
39.
Maddy, National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 1, 1.
40.
"Gabrilowitsch Will Conduct," Music Supervisors' Journal (December 1925): 30. It is unclear how many applications were received. Maddy reported 300, 600, and 800 in various sources. See Joseph E. Maddy, "National Orchestra Plans Completed," Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1926): 8; Joseph E. Maddy, "The Widening Influence of the High National Orchestra," School Music, May-June 1928, 8; and Maddy, "Plan of Organization," 214.
41.
Maddy, "Plan of Organization ," 214.
42.
"National High School Orchestra: Spectacular High Light of Detroit Meeting," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1926): 54; Maddy, "Plan of Organization ," 216-19.
43.
Maddy, "National Orchestra Plans Completed," 8; [Concert program of the NHSO at MSNC in Detroit, Michigan, April 16, 1926], 2-3, ICA Records, Box 2.
44.
Maddy, National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 1, 1925, 2; and "National School Music Orchestra: A High Light of the Detroit Meeting ," Music Supervisors' Journal (February 1926 ): 44.
45.
Joseph E. Maddy , National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 2, January 25, 1926, 1, ICA Records, Box 2.
46.
Maddy, "National Orchestra Plans Completed," 8; and Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 39.
47.
Joseph E. Maddy , National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 3, n.d., 1, ICA Records, Box 2.
48.
Maddy, "Plan of Organization ," 214-16; and Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 39.
49.
Maddy and Giddings collaborated on a number of publications related to instrumental music education and cofounded the NHSO Camp in 1928. For more information on their relationship, see Charles Maynard McDermid, "Thaddeus P. Giddings: A Biography" (EdD diss., University of Michigan, 1967), 288, 291, 327-31; Boal, Interlochen, 1, 21-22; and Browning, Joe Maddy of Interlochen (1963), 143-63.
50.
Joseph E. Maddy , "Conductor Maddy's Reaction," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1926): 55-56.
51.
Maddy, "Plan of Organization ," 215.
52.
Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 39.
53.
Ibid. Gabrilowitsch conducted the final three selections on the program. Joseph E. Maddy, "On the Other Hand," Music Supervisors' Journal (February 1931): 32.
54.
[Concert program of the NHSO at MSNC in Detroit, Michigan, April 16, 1926], 1, ICA Records, Box 2.
55.
Boal, Interlochen, 72.
56.
"National High School Orchestra: Spectacular High Light," 54.
57.
Maddy, "Conductor Maddy's Reaction," 56.
58.
Ossip Gabrilowitsch , Detroit, Michigan, to Mrs. Harold Ellis Yarnall , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ALS , February 5, 1930, ICA Records, Box 2.
59.
Gordon, " The First National High School Orchestra," 39.
60.
"National High School Orchestra: Spectacular High Light," 55.
61.
National Orchestra Committee, 1927 National High School Orchestra Announcement, ICA Records, Box 2; and Charles L. Gary, "Vignettes of Music Education History," Music Educators Journal (February-March 1959): 54.
62.
"Another National High School Orchestra," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1926): 55; "National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," Music Supervisors' Journal (December 1926): 61; and Paul J. Weaver, "Editorial Comment," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1927): 7.
63.
"Another National High School Orchestra," 55-56; and " National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," 61-62.
64.
"National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," 61-62.
65.
"1927National High School Orchestra Statistics ," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twentieth Year 1927 (Chapel Hill, NC : MSNC, 1927), 53; and Maddy , "The Widening Influence," 8.
66.
"National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," 62; and "Steps in the Organization of the 1927 National High School Orchestra," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twentieth Year 1927 (Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1927), 49.
67.
This problem was solved in future years when orchestra members were required to pay a deposit to receive a practice folder. Those who failed to pay before a predetermined deadline were dropped from the ensemble and replaced. Joseph E. Maddy, All-State, County and City High School Orchestras (New York: National Bureau for the Advancement of Music , 1930), 31.
68.
Instrumentation of the symphonic band included a number of string players who doubled on a wind instrument. Joseph E. Maddy, National High School Orchestra (1927) Bulletin No. 3, ICA Records, Box 2.
69.
A multiple string quartet is an ensemble consisting of individual quartets playing string quartet repertoire en masse.
70.
"Steps in the Organization," 50; Gary, "Vignettes of Music Education History," 54.
71.
"National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," 61.
72.
"MENC Past National Presidents," http://www.menc.org/about/view/menc-past-national-presidents . 73. Peter W. Dykema, "Introductory Remarks by the Chairman," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twentieth Year 1927 ( Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1927), 29.
73.
"Resolutions Adopted by the Discussion Group on Music Education," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twentieth Year 1927 (Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1927), 29, 48; and Weaver, "Editorial Comment," 9.
74.
Committee on Resolutions, "Resolutions of the Department of Superintendence," in Proceedings of the Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting Held at Seattle, Washington July 3-8, 1927 (Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1927), 871.
75.
Birge, History of Public School Music, 300.
76.
Examples of papers delivered at the Department of Superintendence following the 1927 meeting in Dallas include Willem van de Wall, "Music in the Treatment of Retarded Children," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1928): 49; A. E. Winship, "Music for Mentally Crippled Children," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1928): 47-85; and Frank D. Boynton, "Education: What Program? What Price?" Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1929): 9-19, 92.
77.
"Atlantic City Musical Programs," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1930): 61-65; and Hollis Dann, "The Third National High School Chorus," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1930): 24-25.
78.
"Costs and Economic-social Values Source," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1933): 33-34; Walter H. Butterfield, "The National President's Page," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1934): 19-20.
79.
"The Musical Program at the Superintendents' Meeting," Music Supervisors' Journal (February 1927): 65.
80.
W.F. Webster , "Music and the Sacred Seven," in Proceedings of the Sixty-Fifth Annual Meeting Held at Seattle, Washington July 3-8, 1927 (Washington, DC: National Education Association, 1927), 859. Webster was quoting John Dewey, Democracy in Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education (New York : Macmillan, 1916), 277.
81.
Webster, "Music and the Sacred Seven," 864.
82.
Maddy, " Just an Idea," 71-72; Ernest Fowles, "American School Orchestras and Their Conductor," The Musical Times, March 1930, 240, 246; and Boal, Interlochen, 32-35.
83.
"National Orchestra Program Changed," Music Supervisors' Journal (February 1928): 51.
84.
"National High School Orchestra," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twenty-first Year (Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1928), 189-90.
85.
"National High School Chorus," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twenty-first Year (Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1928), 313.
86.
Edward Moore , "Young Students Give Concert in Grownup Style ," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 19, 1928, 23.
87.
Elmer Douglass , "Gala Evening, Elmer's Verdict; Gives Reasons ," Chicago Daily Tribune, April 19, 1928, 26.
88.
Moore, "Young Students Give Concert," 23.
89.
Edward Moore , "`Boris Godunoff' Is Vivid and Colorful,"Chicago Daily Tribune, November 25, 1928, H1; and Maddy, All-State, County and City High School Orchestras, 47.
90.
Boal, Interlochen, 72.
91.
"National Orchestra Invited to Europe," Music Supervisors' Journal (December 1928): 67.
92.
No official announcement of the tour's cancellation or reasons for this decision were found.
93.
The Atlantic City section numbered 316 players from forty-one states and the District of Columbia, representing 215 schools. "1930 National High School Orchestra of the Department of Superintendence" [souvenir concert program], 1930, 2, ICA Records, Box 2. The Chicago section totaled 311 players from twenty-nine states and Ontario, Canada, representing 168 schools. Edward Moore, "Students of 168 Schools Supply Big Orchestra," Chicago Daily Tribune, March 27, 1930, 13; "1930 National High School Orchestra Statistics: Section B Chicago," in Journal of Proceedings of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Twenty-third Year 1930 (Ithaca, NY: MSNC, 1930), 289.
94.
"1930 National High School Orchestra," Music Supervisors' Journal (October 1929): 51, 53. The NHSO Camp was known after its first season as the National High School Orchestra and Band Camp. Maddy included a National High School Band as part of the camp program to attract an adequate number of winds for the orchestra. Boal, Interlochen, 42.
95.
Olin Downes, "Young Musicians Play Tschaikowsky," New York Times , March 1, 1930, 15; and [Photograph caption], Washington Post, March 2, 1930, M2.
96.
Selections included Symphony no. 6 "Pathetique" by Tchaikovsky, Concerto for Pianoforte No. 1 in E ♭ and the symphonic poem "Les Preludes" by Liszt, and America (An Epic Rhapsody) by Bloch. "1930 National High School Orchestra of the Department of Superintendence," 8-10; and "1930 National High School Orchestra,"Music Supervisors' Journal , 51.
97.
Downes, "Young Musicians Play Tschaikowsky," 15; National Music Camp, Interlochen: The First Twenty-five Years [book of photographs with captions] (Interlochen, MI: National Music Camp, 1953), 10-11; and Joseph E. Maddy, Camp Section, 1930 National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 3, 2-3, ICA Records, Box 2.
98.
Maddy, Camp Section, 1930 National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 3, 3. Walter Damrosch (1862-1950) was an important musical figure in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He served as an assistant conductor at the Metropolitan Opera from 1884 to 1891 and as conductor of the Oratorio Society (1885-1898) and the New York Symphony Society (1885-1928). He was influential in the building of Carnegie Hall and founded the Damrosch Opera Company in 1894. Beginning in 1923, Damrosch began working closely with the NBC radio network to bring classical music to the general public. Sondra Wieland Howe, "The NBC Music Appreciation Hour: Radio Broadcasts of Walter Damrosch, 1928-1942," Journal of Research in Music Education, 51, no. 1 (2003): 64-77.
99.
For example, Moore, "Students of 168 Schools," 13; and Fowles, "American School Orchestras ," 240, 246.
100.
"Music," New York Morning World, March 1, 1930, clipping from the ICA Records, Box 2.
101.
Daniel Gregory Mason, "Our Musical Adolescence," Harper's Monthly Magazine, October 1930, 605-606. D. G. Mason composed music, wrote numerous books and articles on musical topics, and taught at Columbia University in New York City from 1905 to 1942. Boris Schwarz and Nicholas E. Tawa, "Daniel Gregory Mason (II)," in Grove Music Online (2001), http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com (accessed September 27, 2008).
102.
Boal, Interlochen, 23.
103.
Maddy, "On the Other Hand ," 31.
104.
Ibid., 31.
105.
Ibid., 32.
106.
Max T. Krone, "Silver Anniversary Resume," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1932): 18.
107.
Inez Field Damon, "Notes on the National Orchestra and Chorus Music," Music Supervisors' Journal (March 1932): 41, 43, 47.
108.
Joseph E. Maddy, "A Century of Progress-Chicago 1933," Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1932): 21; and Joseph E. Maddy, "Music Education at the Exposition of Progress," Music Supervisors' Journal (November 1932): 17-18.
109.
The National High School Orchestra and Band Camp became known as the National Music Camp in 1932. "Timeline," http://www.interlochen.org/about/history_1/time_line (accessed June 7, 2008).
110.
"Music Education and a Century of Progress" [schedule of school and university music performances], Music Supervisors' Journal (May 1933): 27; "Century of Progress Notes," Chicago Daily Tribune , August 15, 1933, 4.
111.
"National High School Band, National Elementary School Orchestra, National High School Orchestra," Music Educators Journal (December 1937): 15.
112.
Joseph E. Maddy , "St. Louis-March 27-April 1, 1938," Music Educators Journal (May 1937): 35.
113.
An NHSO and National High School Band were also proposed for the 300th anniversary of secondary education celebration in 1935 by the National Association of Secondary Principals. This plan also was abandoned for unknown reasons. "Tercentenary Committee Defines Celebration Purpose," NASSP Bulletin, May 1934, 8.
114.
Maddy, "Plan of Organization," 214-15; and "Steps in Organization," 49-50. The first NHSO in 1926, for example, involved fifty-one people's serving on seven different committees.
115.
Maddy, "First All State Group," 2.
116.
Maddy, All-State, County and City High School Orchestras, 4.
117.
"National High School Orchestra: Spectacular High Light," 54; Maddy, "Plan of Organization," 216-19; "1927 National High School Orchestra Statistics," 53; "National High School Orchestra," in Journal of Proceedings, 189-90; "1930 National High School Orchestra Statistics," 289; 1930 National High School Orchestra of the Department of Superintendence, 2.
118.
Maddy, National High School Orchestra Bulletin No. 3, 1926, 2.
119.
See, for example, "Music"; and Downes, "Young Musicians Play Tschaikowsky,"15.
120.
The improvement in the ability level of the players is evidenced by the fact that only one or two players participating in both the 1926 and the 1927 NHSOs were seated higher in the second year. One player was said to have moved from first chair in 1926 to seventeenth chair in 1927. "1927 National High School Orchestra Statistics," 54.
121.
"Steps in the Organization," 50; "National Orchestra Program Changed," 51; Maddy, National High School Orchestra (1927) Bulletin No. 1, 3; [1927 NHSO notice of acceptance], ICA Records, Box 2; and Joseph E. Maddy, Bulletin No. 1 Section A National High School Orchestra 1930 Atlantic City, 2, ICA Records, Box 2.
122.
"National Orchestra Statistics," in Journal of Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Meeting of the Music Supervisors' National Conference Held at Detroit, Michigan April 12-16, 1926 ( Chapel Hill, NC: MSNC, 1926), 223.
123.
Maddy, " Just an Idea," 71; and Wilson, "It Seemed Like a Good Idea," 54.
124.
Jack Wainright operated a band camp near LaGrange, Indiana, during the late 1920s, and the Perry-Mansfield Performing Arts Camp in Steamboat Springs, Colorado, was opened in 1913. Boal, Interlochen, 34-35.
125.
Ibid., 34-35, 72.
126.
"All-State Orchestras," 75; Weaver, "Editorial Comment," 3, 9, 13; and "National High School Orchestra Reunion,"70.
127.
Other national honors groups include an orchestra, a concert band, and a jazz band sponsored by the Music for All Foundation and the U.S. Army All-American High School Marching Band, endorsed by MENC-The National Association for Music Education and a number of corporate sponsors. "Music for All Honor Opportunities," http://www.musicforall.org/interest/honors (accessed June 9, 2008); and "US All American Marching Band," http://www.menc.org/v/band/u-s-army-all-american-marching-band (accessed June 9, 2008).
128.
Nancy Watling , "Wanted: The Nation's Finest," Teaching Music, August 1995, 31, 50; and "Ninetieth Anniversary," Music Educators Journal (May 1997): 31.
129.
"National High School Honors Orchestra," http://www.astaweb.com/Content/NavigationMenu/Competitions/NationalHighSchoolHonorsOrchestra/default.htm (accessed June 9, 2008); and "Executive Summary of 1998-2000 ASTA with NSOA Strategic Plan," American String Teacher, November 1998, 22, 25.
130.
Gene Chenoweth , "Shall We Save the Orchestras?" Music Educators Journal, May 1940, 14, 63-65.
131.
"Instrumental Music Department," Music Supervisors' Journal (December 1927): 77; and "All-State Orchestras," 75, 77.
132.
Maddy, "The Introduction and Development of Instrumental Music," 205; and Humphreys, "Instrumental Music in American Education," 48.
133.
"National Orchestra for Superintendents' Meeting," 61; and "1930 National High School Orchestra Atlantic City" [schedule], ICA Records, Box 2.
134.
The Midwest Band and Orchestra Clinic, for example, posts performance videos on its Web site. In 2008, a high school band concert also was broadcast over the local public radio station. "Orchestra Performance Archive," http://www.midwestclinic.org/videos/orchestra_archive.asp (accessed December 29, 2008); and "Plug-in to Programming: WFMT Program Director Peter Whorf's Blog," http://www.wfmt.com/programmingblog/2008/12/midwest-clinic-on-wfmt.html (accessed December 29, 2008).
135.
See the "From the Top" Web site: http://www.fromthetop.org (accessed June 9, 2008).
