Feedback,Instability and Crime Waves

Fred P. Graham , in Violence in America, Historical and Comparative Perspectives (The New American Library, Inc., New York , 1969), p. 461. See also Violent Crime , The Report of the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (George Braziller, New York, 1969) p. 63.

O.R. Galle , W.R. Gove and J.M. McPherson , Science 176, 23 (1972).

See, e.g. J.B. Calhoun , Scientific American, February 1962, p. 139, and references cited therein.

E. Hall , The Hidden Dimension (Doubleday, New York, 1966).

S.D. Singh , Scientific American 221, 108 (1969).

R.L. DuPont and M.H. Greene , Science 181, 716 (1973 ). See also John A. O'Donnell , in Crime in America, ed. by Bruce J. Cohen (F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., Itasca, Ill., 1970) p. 146.

James C. Davies , in Violence in America, Historical and Comparative Perspectives (The New American Library, Inc., New York , 1969) p. 671.

Crime in America, ed. by B. J. Cohen (F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., Itasca, Ill., 1970) Chapter XII.

M.E. Wolfgang , University of Pennsylvania Law Review 111, 708 (1963).

S.M. Robison , Michigan Law Review 64, 1031 (1966 ).

P. Lejins , Michigan Law Review 64, 1011 (1966).

P.H. Ennis , Criminal Victimization in the United States: A Report of a National Survey (U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1967).

See, e.g. A.G. Sutter , in Sociology of Crime and Delinquency , 2nd ed., ed. by M. E. Wolfgang , L. Savitz and N. Johnston (John Wiley and Sons, Inc. , New York, 1970) p. 666.

Statistical Abstract of the United States ( U.S. Department of Commerce, 1969), p. 51 and p. 555.

Ibid, p. 44 ff.

All data on reported crime-rates and conviction rates are derived ultimately from FBI Uniform Crime Reports, as quoted in The Statistical Abstract of the United States (U. S. Department of Commerce). Data on imprisonment comes from the U. S. Bureau of Prisons, Annual Reports.

J.V. Noble , "Quantitative Relation Between Crime-Rates and Risks: The Source of Criminal Preferences" (to be published).

I. Ehrlich , J. Legal Studies 1, 259 (1972).

J. Irwin and L. Yablonsky , The New Criminal: A View of the Contemporary Offender British J. of Criminology , v. 5, no. 2, p. 183 (1965 ).

These are disease epidemics, arms races, "growth" industries, highway construction, hospital expenditures and traffic flow.

J.Q. Wilson , M.H. Moore and I.D. Wheat , Jr., The Washington Post Outlook, Dec. 31, 1972, p. Cl.

W.C. Eckerman , J.D. Bates , J.V. Rachel and W.K. Poole , Drug Usage and Arrest Charges (Final Report BNDD Contract No. J-70-35, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, U. S. Department of Justice, Washington, D. C., 1971).

See, e.g. Bruce J. Cohen , ed., Crime in America (G. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc ., Itasca, Illinois, 1970), Chapters V and VI.

H.J. Anslinger and W.F. Tompkins , The Traffic in Narcotics ( Funk and Wagnalls Co., New York, 1953) pp. 189-90.

The Encyclopedia Brittanica gives a fairly complete chronology of the introduction of various liquors under the headings "Alcohol"; "Liquor"; and "Distillation." Also see the entry "Enclosure" for a discussion of rural to urban migration in England.

See, e.g. Henry Fielding On the Causes of the Late Increase in Robbers (1751); also William Hogarth's engravings "Gin Lane," "Beer Street," and "The Four Stages of Cruelty."

Statistical Abstract of the United States (U.S. Department of Commerce, 1959 ), p. 139.

Statistical Abstract of the United States ( U. S. Department of Commerce, 1961), p. 140.

Statistical Abstract of the United States ( U. S. Department of Commerce, 1971), p. 150.