Comparable survey data collected simultaneously in major cities in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine indicate that the usual correlates of self-reported criminal/deviant behavior derived from research in well-studied, mostly Western societies, do not necessarily hold cross-nationally. The data confirm only two of six potential correlates of self-reported criminal/deviant behavior—age and deviant peer association. Two widely assumed correlates of criminal propensity—gender and marital status—prove to be somewhat unreliable and sensitive to these cultural contexts. Religiosity is generally negatively linked to crime/deviance in bivariate but not multivariate analyses. In bivariate analysis socioeconomic status (SES) proves to be highly sensitive to the investigated cultural contexts whereas in multivariate analysis SES is not significantly related in any consistent fashion to criminality in any of the three countries. These results show the value of cross-cultural research and suggest that effective explanation of criminal and deviant behavior may require more attention to cultural variations.
Agnew, Robert.2006. Pressured into Crime. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
2.
Akers, Ronald L.1998. Social Learning and Social Structure: A General Theory of Crime and Deviance. Boston, MA: Northeastern University Publishing Company.
3.
Akers, Ronald L., James Massey, William Clarke, and Robert M. Lauer .1983. ‘‘Are Self-reports of Adolescent Deviance Valid? Biochemical Measures, Randomized Response and the Bogus Pipeline in Smoking Behavior.’’Social Forces62:234-51.
4.
Akers, Ronald L. and Christine S. Sellers.2004. Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
5.
Antonaccio, Olena and Charles R. Tittle.2008. ‘‘Morality, Self-control, and Crime.’’Criminology46:801-32.
6.
Baier, Colin J. and Bradley R. E. Wright.2001. ‘‘If You Love Me, Keep My Commandants: A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Religion on Crime.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency38:3-21.
7.
Becker, Ralf and Guido Mehlkop.2006. ‘‘Social Class and Delinquency: An Empirical Utilization of Rational Choice Theory with Cross-Sectional Data of the 1990 and 2000 German General Population Surveys (ALLBUS).’’Rationality and Society18:193-235.
8.
Benda, Brent B.1995. ‘‘The Effect of Religion on Adolescent Delinquency Revisited.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency32:446-66.
9.
Benda, Brent and Robert F. Corwyn.1997. ‘‘Religion and Delinquency: The Relationship after Considering Family and Peer Influences.’’Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion36:81-92.
10.
Blumstein, Alfred, Jacqueline Cohen, Jeffrey Roth, and Christy A. Visher, eds. 1986. Criminal Careers and ‘‘Career Criminals.’’ Vol. I . Report of the Panel on Research on Criminal Careers, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
11.
Braithwaite, John.1981. ‘‘The Myth of Social Class and Criminality Reconsidered.’’ American Sociological Review46:36-57.
12.
Braithwaite, John.1989. Crime Shame and Reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
13.
Brown, Stephen E., Finn-Aage Esbensen, and Gilbert Geis.2004. Criminology: Explaining Crime and Its Context. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
14.
Budd, Tracey, Clare Sharp, and Pat Mayhew.2005. Offending in England and Wales: First Results from the 2003 Crime and Justice Survey (Home Office Research Study 275). London, UK: Home Office.
15.
Cantor, David and James P. Lynch.2000. ‘‘Self-report Survey and Measures of Crime and Criminal Victimization.’’ Pp. 85-138 in Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, Vol. 4, edited by David Duffee.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
16.
Central Intelligence Agency.2007. The World Factbook. Available at http://www.cia.gov
17.
Council of Europe.2003. The European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics. Available at http://www.europeansourcebook.org
18.
Couper, Mick P. and Edith D. Leeuw.2003. ‘‘Nonresponse in Cross-cultural and Cross-national Surveys. Pp. 157-78 in Cross-Cultural Survey Methods, edited by J. A. Harkness, F. van de Vijver, and P. Ph. Mohler.New York: John Wiley.
19.
Dunaway, R. Gregory, Francis T. Cullen, Velmer S. Burton, and T. David Evans .2000. ‘‘The Myth of Social Class and Crime Revisited: An Examination of Class and Adult Criminality.’’Criminology38:589-632.
20.
Durkheim, Emile. [ 1897] 1966. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. Translated by John A. Spaulding and George Simpson. New York: Free Press.
Ellis, Lee.2004a. ‘‘A Reply to Duntley, Shackelford, and Tittle .’’ Social Biology51:171-73.
23.
Ellis, Lee.2004b. ‘‘Sex, Status, and Criminality: A Theoretical Nexus.’’ Social Biology51:144-60.
24.
Ellis, Lee and James N. McDonald.2001. ‘‘Crime, Delinquency, and Social Status: A Reconsideration.’’Journal of Offender Rehabilitation32:23-52.
25.
Evans, T. David, Francis T. Cullen, R. Gregory Dunaway, and Velmer S. Burton .1995. ‘‘Religion and Crime Reexamined: The Impact of Religion, Secular Controls, and Social Ecology on Adult Criminality.’’Criminology33:195-224.
26.
Farnworth, Margaret, Terence P. Thornberry, Marvin D. Krohn, and Alan J. Lizotte .1994. ‘‘Measurement in the Study of Class and Delinquency: Integrating Theory and Research.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency31:32-61.
27.
Farrington, David P., Jeremy W. Coid, Louise M. Harnett, Darrick Jolliffe, Nadine Soteriou, Richard E. Turner, and Donald J. West.2006. Criminal Careers up to Age 50 and Life Success up to Age 48: New Findings from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development (Home Office Research Study 299). London, UK : Home Office.
28.
Farrington, David and Donald West.1995. ‘‘Effects of Marriage, Separation, and Children on Offending by Adult Males.’’ Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle4:249-81.
29.
Freedom House.2007. Freedom in the World. Available at http://www.freedomhouse.org
30.
Gilinskiy, Yakov.2006. ‘‘Crime in Contemporary Russia. ’’ European Journal of Criminology3:259-92.
31.
Giordano, Peggy C., Stephen A. Cernkovich, and Jennifer L. Rudolph .2002. ‘‘Gender, Crime, and Desistance: Toward a Theory of Cognitive Transformation.’’American Journal of Sociology107:990-1064.
32.
Gottfredson Michael and Travis Hirschi.1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
33.
Green, Donald E.1989. ‘‘Measures of Illegal Behavior in Individual-level Deterrence Research.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency26:253-75.
34.
Greenberg, David.1985. ‘‘Age, Crime, and Social Explanation. ’’ American Journal of Sociology91:1-21.
35.
Hagan, John.1992. ‘‘The Poverty of a Classless Criminology. ’’ Criminology30:1-19.
36.
Hay, Carter.2001. ‘‘Parenting, Self-control, and Delinquency: A Test of Self-control Theory.’’ Criminology39:707-36.
37.
Haynie, Dana L.2001. ‘‘Delinquent Peers Revisited: Does Network Structure Matter?’’American Journal of Sociology106:1013-57.
38.
Heimer, Karen.2000. ‘‘Changes in the Gender Gap in Crime and Women’s Economic Marginalization.’’ Pp. 427-83 in The Nature of Crime: Continuity and Change, edited by Gary LaFree.Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
39.
Hindelang, Michael J., Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis.1981. Measuring Delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
40.
Hirschi, Travis and Michael Gottfredson.1983. ‘‘Age and Explanation of Crime.’’ American Journal of Sociology89:552-84.
41.
Hirschi, Travis and Rodney Stark.1969. ‘‘Hellfire and Delinquency. ’’ Social Problems17:202-13.
42.
Howard, Gregory J., Graeme Newman, and William Alex Pridemore .2000. ‘‘Theory, Method, and Data in Comparative Criminology.’’ Pp. 139-211 in Criminal Justice 2000, Measurement and Analysis in Crime and Justice. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
43.
Hwang, Sunghyun and Ronald L. Akers.2003. ‘‘Substance Use by Korean Adolescents: A Cross-cultural Test of Social Learning, Social Bonding, and Self-control Theories.’’ Pp. 39-63 in Social Learning Theory and the Explanation of Crime, edited by R .L. Akers, and G. F. Jensen.New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
44.
Johnson, Byron R., Spencer De Li, David B. Larson, and Michael McCullough .2000. ‘‘A Systematic Review of the Religiosity and Delinquency Literature.’’Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice16:32-52.
45.
Junger-Tas, Josine, Ineke Haen Marshall, and Denis Ribeaud.2003. Delinquency in an International Perspective: The International Self-Reported Delinquency Study (ISRD). Monroe, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
46.
Junger-Tas, Josine, Gert-Jan Terlouw, and Malcolm W. Klein .1994. Delinquent Behavior among Young People in the Western World: First Results of the International Self-Reported Delinquency Study. Monroe, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
47.
Kalman, Alexander.2002. Organized Economic Crime and Corruption in Ukraine. Final report for theNational Institute of Justice. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/programs/ukraine.html
48.
King, Ryan D., Michael Massoglia, and Ross MacMillan.2007. ‘‘The Context of Marriage and Crime: Gender, the Propensity to Marry, and Offending in Early Adulthood.’’Criminology45:33-65.
49.
Kleck, Gary.1982. ‘‘On the Use of Self-report Data to Determine the Class Distribution of Criminal and Delinquent Behavior. ’’ American Sociological Review47:427-33.
50.
Knight, Brian, S.G. Osborn, and Donald West.1977. ‘‘Early Marriage and Criminal Tendency in Males.’’British Journal of Criminology17:348-60.
51.
Kostenko, Nataliya. 1999-2000. ‘‘Hazardous Everyday Life: International Survey of Crime Victims in Kiev.’’ International Journal of Sociology29:16-32.
52.
Latimore, T. Lorraine, Charles R. Tittle, and Harold G. Grasmick .2006. ‘‘Child Rearing, Self-control, and Crime.’’Sociological Inquiry76:343-71.
53.
Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson.2001. ‘‘Understanding Desistance from Crime.’’ Pp. 1-69 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 28, edited by Michael Tonry.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
54.
Laub, John H. and Robert J. Sampson.2003. Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives: Delinquent Boys to Age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
55.
Loeber, Rolf and Thomas J. Dishion.1987. ‘‘Antisocial and Delinquent Youths: Methods for Their Early Identification.’’ Pp. 75-89 in Prevention of Delinquent Behavior, edited by J. D. Burchard and Sara Burchard.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
56.
Lombroso, Cesare.1911. Crime, Its Causes, and Remedies. Boston : Little, Brown.
57.
McIver, John P. and Edward G. Carmines.1981. Unidimensional Scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
58.
Menzel, Herbert.1953. ‘‘A New Coefficient for Scalogram Analysis .’’ Public Opinion Quarterly17:268-80.
59.
Merton, Robert.1968. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press.
60.
Mosher, Clayton J., Terance D. Miethe, and Dretha M. Phillips .2002. The Mismeasure of Crime. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
61.
Murray, Glenn F. and Patricia G. Erickson.1987. ‘‘Longitudinal Research: An Empirical Comparison of Projected and Subsequent Criminality.’’Social Science Research16:107-18.
62.
Nagel, Ilene H. and John Hagan.1983. ‘‘Gender and Crime: Offense Patterns and Criminal Court Sanctions.’’ Pp. 91-144 in Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research, Vol 4, edited by M Tonry and N. Morris.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63.
Nettler, Gwynn.1978. ‘‘Social Status and Self-reported Criminality .’’ Social Forces57:304-05.
64.
Nettler, Gwynn.1985. ‘‘Social Class and Crime, One More Time. ’’ Social Forces63:1076-77.
65.
Newman, Graeme.1999. Global Report on Crime and Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
66.
Özbay, Özden and Yusuf Ziya Özcan.2006. ‘‘Classic Strain Theory and Gender.’’International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology50:21-38.
67.
Petersilia, Joan.1978. ‘‘The Validity of Criminality Data Derived from Personal Interviews.’’ Pp 30-47 in Quantitative Studies in Criminology, edited by Charles Wellford.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
68.
Pogarsky, Greg.2004. ‘‘Projected Offending and Contemporaneous Rule-violation: Implications for Heterotypic Continuity.’’ Criminology42:111-35.
69.
Pridemore, William Alex.2001. ‘‘Using Newly Available Homicide Data to Debunk Two Myths about Violence in an International Context.’’Homicide Studies5:267-75.
70.
Pridemore, William Alex.2002. ‘‘Social Problems and Patterns of Juvenile Delinquency in Transitional Russia.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency39:187-213.
71.
Pridemore, William Alex.2003. ‘‘Demographic, Temporal, and Spatial Patterns of Homicide Rates in Russia.’’European Sociological Review19:41-59.
72.
Pridemore, William Alex and Vladimir M. Shkolnikov.2004. ‘‘Education and Marriage as Protective Factors against Homicide Mortality: Methodological and Substantive Findings from Moscow.’’Journal of Quantitative Criminology20:173-87.
73.
Roe, Stephen and Jane Ashe.2008. Young People and Crime: Findings from the 2006 Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. London, UK: Home Office.
74.
Ross, Lee E.1994. ‘‘Religion and Deviance: Exploring the Impact of Social Control Elements.’’Sociological Spectrum14:65-86.
75.
Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub.1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76.
Sampson, Robert J., John H. Laub, and Christopher Wimer .2006. ‘‘Does Marriage Reduce Crime? A Counterfactual Approach to Within-individual Causal Effects.’’Criminology44:465-508.
77.
Siegel, Larry J.2003. Criminology. 8th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson/Wadsworth .
78.
Smith, Douglas A. and Christy Visher.1980. ‘‘Sex and Involvement in Deviance/ Crime: A Quantitative Review of the Empirical Literature.’’American Sociological Review45:691-701.
79.
Spinellis, Calliope, Eleni Apospori, Maria Kranidioti, Yotta Symiyianni, and Nina Angelopoulou .1994. ‘‘Key Findings of a Preliminary Self-report Delinquency Study in Athens.’’ Pp. 288-318 in Delinquent Behavior among Young People in the Western World, edited by Josine Junger-Tas, Gert-Jan Terlouw, and Malcolm W. Klein.Amsterdam: Kugler Publications.
80.
Stark, Rodney.1979. ‘‘Whose Status Counts?’’American Sociological Review44:668-69.
81.
Stark, Rodney, Lori Kent, and Daniel P. Doyle .1982. ‘‘Religion and Delinquency: The Ecology of a ‘Lost’ Relationship.’’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency18:4-24.
82.
Steffensmeier, Darrell J. and Emilie A. Allan.1996. ‘‘Gender and Crime: Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending.’’Annual Review of Sociology22:459-87.
83.
Steffensmeier, Darrell J., Emilie Andersen Allan, Miles D. Harer, and Cathy Streifel.1989. ‘‘Age and Distribution of Crime.’’American Journal of Sociology94:803-31.
84.
Steffensmeier, Darrell J. and Cathy Streifel.1991. ‘‘Age, Gender, and Crime across Three Historical Periods: 1935, 1960, 1985.’’Social Forces69:869-94.
85.
Sutherland, Edwin H., Donald R. Cressey, and David F. Luckenbill .1992. Principles of Criminology . 11th ed. Dix Hills, NY: General Hall.
86.
Thornberry, Terence P. and Margaret Farnworth.1982. ‘‘Social Correlates of Criminal Involvement: Further evidence of the Relationship between Social Status and Criminal Behavior.’’American Sociological Review47:505-18.
87.
Thornberry, Terence P. and Marvin D. Krohn.2000. ‘‘The Self-report Method for Measuring Delinquency and Crime.’’ Pp. 33-83 in Measurement and Analysis of Crime and Justice, vol. 4, edited by David Duffee.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
88.
Thornberry, Terence P., Marvin D. Krohn, Alan J. Lizotte, C.A. Smith, and K. Tobin.2003. Gangs and Delinquency in Developmental Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press.
89.
Thornberry, Terence P., Alan J. Lizotte, Marvin D. Krohn, Margaret Farnworth, and Sung Joon Jang.1994. ‘‘Delinquent Behavior: A Longitudinal Test of Interactional Theory.’’Criminology32:47-82.
90.
Tittle, Charles R.1980. Sanctions and Social Deviance: The Question of Deterrence . New York: Praeger.
91.
Tittle, Charles R.1983. ‘‘Social Class and Criminal Behavior: A Critique of the Theoretical Foundation.’’Social Forces62:334-58.
92.
Tittle, Charles R.1985. ‘‘A Plea for Open Minds, One More Time: Response to Nettler.’’Social Forces63:1078-80.
93.
Tittle, Charles R.1995. Control Balance: Toward a General Theory of Deviance. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
94.
Tittle, Charles R.2004. ‘‘Comments on ‘Sex, Status, and Criminality: A Theoretical Nexus.’’’Social Biology51:167-70.
95.
Tittle, Charles R. and Ekaterina V. Botchkovar.2005a. ‘‘Self-control, Criminal Motivation and Deterrence: An Investigation Using Russian Respondents.’’Criminology43:307-54.
96.
Tittle, Charles R. and Ekaterina V. Botchkovar.2005b. ‘‘The Generality and Hegemony of Self-control Theory: A Comparison of Russian and US Adults.’’Social Science Research34:703-31.
97.
Tittle, Charles R. and Harold G. Grasmick.1997. ‘‘Criminal Behavior and Age: A Test of Three Provocative Hypotheses.’’Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology88:309-42.
98.
Tittle, Charles R. and Robert F. Meier.1990. ‘‘Specifying the SES/Delinquency Relationship.’’Criminology28:271-99.
99.
Tittle, Charles R. and Raymond Paternoster.2000. Social Deviance and Crime: An Organizational and Theoretical Approach. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
100.
Tittle, Charles R. and Michael R. Welch.1983. ‘‘Religiosity and Deviance: Toward a Contingency Theory of Constraining Effects.’’Social Forces61:653-82.
101.
Tittle, Charles R., Wayne J. Villemez, and Douglas A. Smith .1978. ‘‘The Myth of Social Class and Criminality: An Empirical Assessment of the Empirical Evidence .’’ American Sociological Review43:643-56.
102.
Tittle, Charles R., Wayne J. Villemez, and Douglas A. Smith .1982. ‘‘One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: More on the Class Criminality Controversy.’’American Sociological Review47:435-38.
103.
Transparency International.2007. Corruption Perceptions Index. Available at www.transparencyinternational.org
104.
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.2006. United Nations Surveys on Crime Trends and Operations of the Criminal Justice System. Available at http://www.unode.org
105.
Vågerö, Denny, Olga Kislitsyna, Sara Ferlander, Ludmila Migranova, Per Karlson, and Natalia Rimachevskaya .2008. ‘‘Moscow Health Survey 2004-Social Surveying under Difficult Circumstances.’’International Journal of Public Health53:171-79.
106.
Warr, Mark.1993. ‘‘Age, Peers, and Delinquency. ’’ Criminology31:17-40.
107.
Warr, Mark.1998. ‘‘Life-course Transitions and Desistance from Crime.’’ Criminology36:183-216.
108.
Warr, Mark.2002. Companions in Crime: The Social Aspects of Criminal Conduct . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
109.
Weber, Max. [ 1905] 1950. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. Translated by Talcott Parsons. London: G. Allen and Brown.
110.
Welch, Michael R., Charles R. Tittle, and Thomas Petee.1991. ‘‘Religion and Deviance among Adult Catholics: A Test of the ‘Moral Communities’ Hypothesis.’’Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion30:159-72.
111.
Welch, Michael R., Charles R. Tittle, and Harold G. Grasmick .2006. ‘‘Christian religiosity, self-control and social conformity’’. Social Forces84:1605-23.
112.
Williams, Phil and John Picarelli.2002. Organized Crime in Ukraine: Challenge and Response. Final report for the National Institute of Justice. Available at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/international/programs/ukraine.html
113.
Wilson, James Q. and Richard J. Herrnstein.1985. Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon and Schuster.
114.
World Bank.2004. World Development Indicators 2004. CD-ROM.
115.
Wright, BradleyR. Entner, Avshalom Caspi, Terrie E. Moffitt, Richard A. Miech, and Phil A. Silva .1999. ‘‘Reconsidering the Relationship between SES and Delinquency: Causation but Not Correlation.’’Criminology37:175-94.
