Recent studies have produced conflicting findings about the impacts of local nonresidential land uses on perceived incivilities. This study advances work in this area by developing a land-use perspective theoretically grounded in Brantingham and Brantingham's geometry of crime model in environmental criminology. That focus directs attention to specific classes of land uses and suggests relevance of land uses beyond and within respondents' neighborhoods. Extrapolating from victimization and reactions to crime, crime-generating and crime-attracting land uses are expected to increase perceived neighborhood incivilities and crime. Multilevel models using land use, crime, census, and survey data from 342 Philadelphia heads of households confirmed expected individual-level impacts. These persisted even after controlling for resident demographics and for neighborhood fabric and violent crime rates. Neighborhood status and crime were the only relevant ecological predictors, and their impacts are interpreted in light of competing perspectives on the origins of incivilities.
Aitken, S.C.
and
E.M. Bjorklund.1988. “
Transactional and Transformational Theories in Behavioral Geography
.” Professional Geographer40 (1):
54-64
.
2.
Anderson, E.1999. Code of the Street: Decency, Violence and the Moral Life of the Inner City.
New York: Norton
.
3.
Appleyard, D.1981. Livable Streets.
Berkeley: University of California Press
.
4.
Bailey, T.C.
and
A.C. Gatrell.1995. Interactive Spatial Data Analysis, 2d ed.
London: Longman
.
5.
Baum, A.
,
A.G. Davis
, and
J.R. Aiello.1978. “
Crowding and Neighborhood Mediation of Urban Density
.” Journal of Population1:
266-79
.
6.
Block, R.L.
and
C.R. Block.2000. “The Bronx and Chicago: Street Robbery in the Environs of Rapid Transit Stations.” Pp. 137-52 in Analyzing Crime Patterns: Frontiers in Practice, edited by
J. Mollenkopf.London: Sage
.
7.
Brantingham, P.J.
and
P.L. Brantingham .1981. “Notes on the Geometry of Crime.” Pp. 27-54 in Environmental Criminology, edited by
P. J. Brantingham
and
P. L. Brantingham.Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland
.
8.
————. 1993. “
Nodes, Paths, and Edges: Considerations on the Complexity of Crime and the Physical Environment
.” Journal of Environmental Psychology13:
3-28
.
9.
Brower, S.1996. Good Neighborhoods.
Westport, CT: Praeger
.
10.
Bullard, R.D.1994. Dumping in Dixie: Social Justice, Race and the Environment , 2d ed.
Boulder, CO: Westview
.
11.
Chainey, S.
and
J.H. Ratcliffe.2005. GIS and Crime Mapping.
London: Wiley
.
12.
Clarke, R.V.
and
J. Eck.2003. Becoming a Problem Solving Crime Analyst .
London: University College London, Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science
.
13.
Darlington, R.B.1990. Regression and Linear Models.
New York : McGraw-Hill
.
14.
Eck, J.
and
D. Weisburd.1995. “
Crime and Place
.” Crime Prevention Studies, Vol. 4.
Monsey, NY : Criminal Justice Press
.
15.
Edelstein, M.1988. Contaminated Communities: The Social and Psychological Impacts of Residential Toxic Exposure.
Boulder, CO: Westview
.
16.
Frisbie, D.E.A.1978. Crime in Minneapolis.
Minneapolis: Minnesota Crime Prevention Center
.
17.
Gordon, R.A.1968. “
Issues in Multiple Regression
.” American Journal of Sociology73:
592-616
.
18.
Gorman, D.
,
P. Speer
, and
P. Gruenwald.2001. “
Spatial Dynamics of Alcohol Availability, Neighborhood Structure, and Violent Crime
.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol62:
628-36
.
19.
Harcourt, B.E.2001. Illusion of Order: The False Promise of Broken Windows Policing.
Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
.
Hunter, A.
and
T.L. Baumer.1982. “
Street Traffic, Social Integration, and Fear of Crime
.” Sociological Inquiry52:
122-31
.
22.
Institute for Survey Research.2003. Data Collection Report: 2003 Philadelphia Area Survey and Pennsylvania Life Survey.
Philadelphia: Temple University
.
23.
Kelling, G.
and
S. Coles.1996. Fixing Broken Windows: Restoring Order and Reducing Crime in American Cities.
New York: Free Press
.
24.
Kurtz, E.
,
B. Koons
, and
R.B. Taylor.1998. “
Land Use, Physical Deterioration, Resident-Based Control and Calls for Service on Urban Streetblocks
.” Justice Quarterly15:
121-49
.
25.
Land, K.
and
G. Deane.1992. “
On the Large-Sample Estimation of Regression Models With Spatial Effects Terms: A Two-Stage Least Squares Approach
.” Sociological Methodology22:
221-48
.
26.
Lawton, B.A.
,
R.B. Taylor
, and
A. Luongo.2005. “
Police Officers on Drug Corners in Philadelphia, Drug Crime and Violent Crime: Intended, Diffusion, and Displacement Impacts
.” Justice Quarterly22 (4):
427-51
.
27.
Lewis, D.A.
and
M.G. Maxfield.1980. “
Fear in the Neighborhoods: An Investigation of the Impact of Crime
.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency17:
160-89
.
28.
Miller, E.S.1981. “Crime's Threat to Land Value and Neighborhood Vitality .” Pp. 111-8 in Environmental Criminology, edited by
P. J. Brantingham
and
P. L. Brantingham.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
.
29.
Parzen, E.1962. “
On Estimation of a Probability Density Function and Mode
.” The Annals of Mathematical Statistics33(3):
1065-76
.
30.
Peterson, R.
,
L. Krivo
, and
M. Harris.2000. “
Disadvantage and Neighborhood Violent Crime: Do Local Institutions Matter?
” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency37:
31-63
.
31.
Philadelphia Health Management Corporation.2003. 2002Household Survey Documentation (Unpublished manuscript).
Philadelphia: Author
.
32.
Ratcliffe, J.H.
and
M.J. McCullagh.1999. “
Hotbeds of Crime and the Search for Spatial Accuracy
.” Geographical Systems1 (4):
385-98
.
33.
Raudenbush, S.
and
T. Bryk.2002. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods, 2d ed.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
.
34.
Rengert, R.
,
J. Ratcliffe
, and
S. Chakravorty.2005. Policing Illegal Drug Markets: Mapping the Socio-Economic Environments of Drug Dealing.
Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press
.
35.
Rengert, G.
and
J. Wasilchick.1985. Suburban Burglary.
Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas
.
36.
Rhodes, W.M.
and
C. Conly.1981. “Crime and Mobility: An Empirical Study.” Pp. 167-88 in Environmental Criminology, edited by
P. J. Brantingham
and
P. L. Brantingham.Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
.
37.
Rich, T.F.1995. The Use of Computerized Mapping in Crime Control and Prevention Programs (NCJ 155182).
Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
.
38.
Robinson, J.
,
B. Lawton
,
R.B. Taylor
, and
D.D. Perkins.2003. “
Longitudinal Impacts of Incivilities: A Multilevel Analysis of Reactions to Crime and Block Satisfaction.” Journal of QuantitativeCriminology19:
237-74
.
39.
Roncek, D.
and
D. Faggiani.1985. “
High Schools and Crime
.” Sociological Quarterly26:
491-505
.
40.
Roncek, D.
and
A. Lobosco.1983. “
The Effects of High Schools on Crime in Their Neighborhoods
.” Social Science Quarterly64:
598-613
.
41.
Rosenfeld, R.1994. “
Review of Neighborhoods and Crime
.” American Journal of Sociology99:
1387-9
.
42.
Sampson, R.J.
,
J.D. Morenoff
, and
T. Gannon-Rowley .2002. “
Assessing `Neighborhood Effects': Social Processes and New Directions in Research
.” Annual Review of Sociology28:
443-78
.
43.
Sampson, R.
and
S. Raudenbush.1999. “
Systematic Social Observations of Public Spaces: A New Look at Disorder in Urban Neighborhoods
.” American Journal of Sociology105:
603-51
.
44.
————. 2004. “
Seeing Disorder: Neighborhood Stigma and the Social Construction of `Broken Windows
.'” Social Psychology Quarterly67 (4):
319-42
.
45.
Shaw, M.
and
H. McKay.1972. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas , 2d ed.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
46.
Skogan, W.1990. Disorder and Decline: Crime and the Spiral of Decay in American Cities.
New York: Free Press
.
47.
Skogan, W.G.
and
M.G. Maxfield.1981. Coping With Crime.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
.
48.
Snijders, T.A.B.
and
R.J. Bosker1999. Multilevel Analysis: An Introduction to Basic and Advanced Multilevel Modeling.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
.
49.
Taylor, R.B.1994. Research Methods in Criminal Justice.
New York: McGraw-Hill
.
50.
————. 1997. “
Social Order and Disorder of Streetblocks and Neighborhoods: Ecology, Microecology and the Systemic Model of Social Disorganization
.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency33:
113-55
.
51.
————. 1999. “The Incivilities Thesis: Theory, Measurement and Policy.” Pp. 65-88 in Measuring What Matters, edited by
R. L. Langworthy.Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services
.
52.
————. 2001. Breaking Away From Broken Windows: Evidence From Baltimore Neighborhoods and the Nationwide Fight Against Crime, Grime, Fear and Decline .
New York: Westview
.
53.
Taylor, R.B.
and
S.D. Gottfredson .1986. “Environmental Design, Crime and Prevention: An Examination of Community Dynamics.” Pp. 387-416 in Communities and Crime, edited by
A. J. Reiss
and
M. Tonry.Chicago: University of Chicago Press
.
54.
Taylor, R.B.
,
B. Koons
,
E. Kurtz
,
J. Greene
, and
D. Perkins1995. “
Streetblocks With More Nonresidential Landuse Have More Physical Deterioration: Evidence From Baltimore and Philadelphia
.” Urban Affairs Review30:
120-36
.
55.
Wikstrom, P.O.H.
and
V. Ceccato.2005. “
Studying Activity Fields. Space-Time Budgets and GIS
.” Paper presented at the 2005 ESRC Social Context of Pathways in Crime, Cambridge , UK.
56.
Wilson, J.Q.1975. Thinking About Crime.
New York: Basic Books
.
57.
Wilson, J.Q.
and
G. Kelling.1982. “
Broken Windows
.” Atlantic Monthly211:
29-38
.
58.
Wilcox, P.
,
N. Quisenberry
,
D.T. Cabrera
, and
S. Jones2004. “
Busy Places and Broken Windows? Toward Defining the Role of Physical Structure and Process in Community Crime Models
.” Sociological Quarterly45 (2):
185-207
.
