The article analyses the main institutions, agreements and understandings that comprise the issue-area of nuclear non-proliferation and situates them in the framework of the international regimes literature. In explaining the process of regime-building and maintenance in the area of non-proliferation, the author draws on insights from modified structural and cognitive theories. The main argument is that self-interest and learning best explain the persistence of the non-proliferation regime. Further, as nuclear proliferation is a fundamental determinant of political, not technological, factors, efforts to strengthen this regime must begin from this premise. One of the main conclusions is that the non-proliferation project will continue to face new challenges, but that self-interest, cognitive development and the nature of the issues obviate the likelihood of collapse on the non-proliferation regime.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ACDA , 1978a. `Nuclear Nonproliferation Act of 1978, March 10, 1978', in Documents on Disarmament, 1978. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
2.
ACDA , 1978b. `Statement by Secretary of State Vance: US Assurance on Non-Use of Nuclear Weapons, 12 June 1978', in Documents on Disarmament 1978. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
3.
ACDA , 1981. `Statement by President Reagan: Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy, July 16, 1981', Documents on Disarmament 1981. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
4.
Aggarwal, Vinod , 1985. Liberal Protectionism: The International Politics of Organized Textile Trade. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
5.
Baker, Stephen J. , 1976. `Monopoly or Cartel?', Foreign Policy, no. 23, Summer, pp. 202-220.
6.
Brenner, Michael J. , 1981. Nuclear Power and Non-Proliferation: The Remaking of US Policy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
7.
Camilleri, Joseph A. , 1984. The State and Nuclear Power. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
8.
Clausen, Peter A. , 1985. `US Nuclear Exports and the Non-Proliferation Regime', pp. 183-212 in Ted C. Snyder & Samuel F. Wells, Jr, eds, Limiting Nuclear Proliferation. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
9.
de Leon, Peter , 1979. Development and Diffusion of the Nuclear Power Reactor. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
10.
Epstein, William W. , 1976. The Last Chance: Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control. New York: Free Press.
11.
Etheredge, Lloyd , 1981. `Government Learning: An Overview', pp. 733-161 in Samuel L. Long, ed., Handbook of Political Behaviour, vol. 2. New York: Plenum.
12.
Gallini, Linda , 1985. `The 1985 NPT Review Conference', pp. 203-210 in Rodney W. Jones et al., The Nuclear Suppliers and Nonproliferation: International Policy Choices. Lexington, MA: Health.
13.
Goheen, Robert F. , 1983. `Problems of Proliferation: US Policy and the Third World', World Politics, vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 194-215.
14.
Goldblat, Jozef , 1986. `Will the NPT Survive?'Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 42, no. 1, January, pp. 35-38.
15.
Goldschmidt, Bertrand , 1977. `A Historical Survey of Non-Proliferation Policies', International Security, vol. 2, no. 1, Summer, pp. 69-87.
16.
Greenwood, Ted & Robert Jaffa, Jr, 1981. `Supply Side Non-Proliferation', Foreign Policy, no. 42, Spring, pp. 125-140.
17.
Griew, Joseph M. , 1988. `Anarchy and the Limits of Cooperation: A Realist Critique of the Newest Liberal Institutionalism', International Organization, vol. 42, no. 3, Summer, pp. 485-507.
18.
Haas, Ernst B. , 1980. `Why Collaborate? Issue-Linkage and International Regimes', World Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, April, pp. 357-405.
19.
Haas, Ernst B., 1983. `Words Can Hurt You; or, Who Said What to Whom About Regimes', pp. 23-59 in Krasner (1983).
20.
Hall, John A. , 1987. `The International Atomic Energy Agency: Origins and Early Years', IAEA Bulletin, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 47-54.
21.
Herz, John , 1951. Political Realism and Political Idealism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
22.
IAEA , 1968. INFCIRC/66/Rev 2Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
23.
IAEA , 1974. `Communications Received from Members Regarding the Export of Nuclear Material and of Certain Categories of Equipment and other Material', INFCIRC/209, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, 3 September.
24.
IAEA , 1978. `Communications Received from Certain Member States Regarding Guidelines for the Export of Nuclear Material, Equipment of Technology', INFCIRC/254, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency, February
25.
IAEA , 1980. International Fuel Cycle Evaluation, Summary Volume, Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
26.
IAEA , 1983. INFCIRC/153 corrected. `The Structure and Content of Agreements Between the Agency and States Required in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons'. Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency.
27.
Imai, Ryukichi & Henry S. Rowen, 1980. Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Proliferation: Japanese and American Views. Boulder, CO: Westview.
28.
Jervis, Robert , 1978. `Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics, vol. 30, no. 2, January, pp. 167-214.
29.
Jones, Rodney W. , 1983. `Strategic Responses to Nuclear Proliferation', Washington Quarterly, vol. 6, no. 3, Summer, pp. 89-98.
30.
Jones, Rodney W. , 1985. `Nuclear Supply Policy and South Asia', pp. 163-173 in Rodney W. Jones et al., The Nuclear Suppliers and Nonproliferation: International Policy Choices. Lexington, MA: Heath.
31.
Kapur, Ashok , 1983. `Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and National Security: Views from the South', pp. 163-193 in Robert Boardman & James F. Keeley, eds, Nuclear Exports and World Politics: Policy and Regime. New York: St Martin's.
32.
Keohane, Robert O. , 1983. `The Demand for International Regimes', pp. 141-171 in Stephen D. Krasner, ed., International Regimes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell, 1983.
33.
Keohane, Robert O. , 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
34.
Keohane, Robert O. & Joseph S. Nye, Jr, 1977. Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition. Boston, MA: Little, Brown.
35.
Khalifzad, Zalmay , 1977. Pakistan: The Nuclear Option. Los Angeles CA: Pan Heuristics.
36.
Khan, M. A. , 1979. Nuclear Energy and International Cooperation: A Third World Perception of the Erosion of Confidence. New York: Rockefeller/Royal Institute for International Affairs.
37.
Kramer, Donna S. , 1980. `The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conference', CRS Report no. 80-65S, March. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
38.
Krasner, Stephen D. , ed., 1983. International Regimes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
39.
Kratochwil, Freidrich , 1984. `The Force of Prescriptions', International Organization, vol. 38, no. 4, Autumn, pp. 685-708.
40.
Kratochwil, Freidrich & John Gerard Ruggie, 1986. `International Organization: A State of the Art on an Art of the State', International Organization, vol. 40, no. 4, Autumn, pp. 753-775.
41.
Lellouche, Pierre , 1979/80. `International Nuclear Politics', Foreign Affairs, vol. 58, no. 2, Winter, pp. 336-352.
42.
Lellouche, Pierre , 1981. `Breaking the Rules without Quite Stopping the Bomb: European Views', International Organization, vol. 35, no. 1, Winter, pp. 39-58.
43.
McGrew, Anthony G. , 1984. `Introduction: Nuclear Non-Proliferation at the Crossroads?' pp. 1-15 in John Simpson & Anthony G. McGrew, eds. The International Nuclear Non-Proliferation System: Challenges and Choices. New York: St Martin's.
44.
Nuclear Energy Agency , 1988. The Regulation of Nuclear Trade, vol. 1. International Aspects. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
45.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr , 1981. `Maintaining a Non-Proliferation Regime', pp. 15-38 in George Quester, ed., Nuclear Proliferation: Breaking the Chain. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
46.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr , 1985. `NPT: The Logic of Inequality', Foreign Policy, no. 59, Summer, pp. 123-131.
47.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr , 1987. `Nuclear Learning and US-Soviet Security Regimes', International Organization, vol. 42, no. 3, Summer, pp. 371-402.
48.
Potter, William C. , 1982. Nuclear Power and Nonproliferation: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
49.
Rosenau, James N. , 1986. `Before Cooperation: Hegemons, Regimes, and Habit-Driven Actors in World Politics', International Organization, vol. 40, no. 4, Autumn, pp. 849-894.
50.
Ruggie, John Gerard , 1975. `International Responses to Technology: Concepts and Trends', International Organization, special issue, vol. 29, no. 3, Summer, pp. 557-584.
51.
Scheinman, Lawrence , 1985. The Nonproliferation Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency: A Critical Assessment. Washington DC: Resources for the Future.
52.
SIPRI , 1977. SIPRI Yearbook 1977. World Armaments and Disarmament. Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press.
53.
SIPRI , 1989. SIPRI Yearbook 1989. World Armaments and Disarmament. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
54.
Smart, Ian , 1980. `INFCE Brings International Agreement on Nuclear Fuel Cycle No Nearer', Nature, vol. 283, no. 5750, 28 February, pp. 808-809.
55.
Smith, Roger K. , 1987. `Explaining the Non-Proliferation Regime: Anomalies for Contemporary International Relations Theory', International Organization, vol. 41, no. 2, Spring, pp. 253-281.
56.
Spector, Leonard S. , 1984. Nuclear Proliferation Today. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
57.
Spector, Leonard S. , 1988. The Undeclared Bomb. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
58.
`Statement by Hans Blix, Director General to the IAEA Board of Governors, February 24, 1982', pp. 795-803 in Congressional Research Service (1983).
59.
Strange, Susan, 1983. `Cave! hic dragones: A Critique of Regime Analysis' in Krasner, ed., 1983, pp. 337-354.
60.
Survival, 1978. `Guidelines for Nuclear Transfers', vol. 20, no. 2, March/April, pp. 85-87.
61.
US Congress , 1977. Office of Technology Assessment. Nuclear Proliferation and Safeguards, Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
62.
US Congress , 1984. Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives. Nuclear Safeguards: A Reader, by Warren H. Donnelly, Congressional Research Service, CRS 702-2.
63.
US President , 1954. `Address by the President Before the United Nations General Assembly'. Congressional Record, Vol. 100, part 1, 7 January, pp. 61-63.
64.
US Statutes at Large, 1955, vol. 68, part 1, `Atomic Energy Act of 1954', pp. 919-961.
65.
US Statutes at Large, 1976, vol. 90, part 1, `International Security Assistance and Arms Export Act of 1976', pp. 729-769.
66.
US Statutes at Large, 1977, vol. 91, `International Security Assistance Act of 1977', vol. 91, pp. 614-626.
67.
Waltz, Kenneth , 1979. Theory of International Relations. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
68.
Waltz, Kenneth , 1981. The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More may be Better. Adelphi Paper no. 171. London: International Institute for Strategic Studies.
69.
Washington Post, 1982. `Reagan Alters Policy on A-Fuel Recycling', 9 June, p. 3-3.
70.
Williams, Frederick , 1978. `The United States Congress and Nonproliferation', International Security, vol. 3, no. 2, Fall, pp. 45-50.
71.
Wohlstetter, Albert J. , 1976/77. `Spreading the Bomb Without Quite Breaking the Rules', Foreign Policy, no. 25, Winter, pp. 88-96, 145-179.
72.
Wohlstetter, Albert J. , 1979. Swords from Plowshare: the Military Potential of Civilian Nuclear Energy, with a Foreword by Fred Charles Ikle. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
73.
Young, Oran R. , 1978. `Anarchy and Social Choice: Reflections on the International Polity', World Politics, vol. 30, no. 2, January, pp. 241-263.
74.
Young, Oran R. , 1979. Compliance and Public Authority. Washington, DC: Resource for the Future.
75.
Young, Oran R. , 1980. `International Regimes: Problems of Concept Formation', World Politics, vol. 32, no. 3, April, pp. 331-356.
76.
Young, Oran R. , 1982. Resource Regimes: National Resources and Social Institutions. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
