Abstract
Considers arguments against the universalistic claims of developmental theory, focusing on Daniel Levinson's theory. Argues that a case can be made for the universality of his idea of the life structure if the biological foundations of this idea are considered. Uses Freud's theory of the life and death instincts to support this argument. Concludes that academicians in pastoral care should give as much weight to the individual/biological as the individual/cultural axis of human identity.
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