The year 1993 may become known as the year individuals with learning disabilities lost special education services in the United States. For the first time since the enactment of P.L. 94-142 there is a strong national movement to place all students, regardless of disability, in the regular classroom. This movement has been “sold” to many advocacy groups as meeting these students' need to learn social skills from “normal” peers.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Achenbach, T.M., & Edelbrock, C.S. (1983). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist and revised Child Behavior Profile.Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2.
Ackerman, P.T., Anhalt, J.M., & Dykman, R.A. (1986). Inferential word decoding weakness in RD children. Learning Disability Quarterly, 9, 315–324.
3.
Ackerman, P.T., Anhalt, J.M., Dykman, R.A., & Holcomb, P.J. (1986). Effortful processing deficits in children with reading and/or attention disorders. Brain and Cognition, 5, 22–40.
4.
Ackerman, P.T., Dykman, R.A., & Gardner, M.Y. (1990a). ADD students with and without dyslexia differ in sensitivity to rhyme and alliteration. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 279–283.
5.
Ackerman, P., Dykman, R.A., & Gardner, M.Y. (1990b). Counting rate, naming rate, phonological sensitivity, and memory span: Major factors in severe dyslexia. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 23, 325–327.
6.
Ackerman, P.T., Dykman, R.A., Holloway, C., Paal, N.P., & Gocio, M.Y. (1991). A trial of Piracetam in two subgroups of students with dyslexia enrolled in summer tutoring. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 542–549.
7.
Ackerman, P.T. Dykman, R.A. & Oglesby, D.M. (1992a). EEG power spectra of dyslexic, slow learner, and ADD children during word list viewing. Unpublished manuscript.
8.
Ackerman, P.T. Dykman, R.A. & Oglesby, D.M. (1992b). Visual event related potentials of dyslexic children to rhyming and non rhyming stimuli. Manuscript submitted for publication.
9.
Ackerman, P.T., Elardo, P.T., & Dykman, R.A. (1979). A psychosocial study of hyperactive and learning-disabled boys. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 91–99.
10.
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
11.
American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed. rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
12.
Ashcraft, M.H., & Fierman, B.A. (1982). Mental addition in third, fourth, and sixth graders. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 216–234.
13.
Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory.Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
14.
Bowers, P.G., & Swanson, L.B. (1991). Naming speed deficits in reading disability: Multiple measures of a singular process. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 51, 195–219.
15.
Bradley, L. (1984). Assessing reading difficulties: A diagnostic and remedial approach.London: Macmillan Education Ltd.
16.
Bradley, L. (1989). Predicting learning disabilities. In J.J. Dumont & H. Nakken (Eds.), Learning disabilities (Vol. 2): Cognitive, social, and remedial aspects (pp. 1–17). Amsterdam: Sivets & Zeitlinger.
17.
Bradley, L., & Bryant, P. (1983). Categorizing sounds and learning to read: A causal connection. Nature (London), 271, 746–747.
18.
Bruck, M. (1990). Word recognition skills of adults with childhood diagnoses of dyslexia. Developmental Psychology, 26, 439–454.
19.
Case, R., Kurland, D.,M. & Goldberg, J. (1982). Operational efficiency and growth of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 386–404.
20.
Catts, H.C. (1986). Speech production/phonological deficits in reading-disordered children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 19, 504–508.
21.
Cohen, R.L., & Netley, C. (1981). Short-term memory deficits in reading disabled children, in the absence of opportunity for rehearsal strategies. Intelligence, 5, 69–76.
22.
Conners, C.K. (1973). Rating scales for use in drug studies with children: Pharmacotherapy of children. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 9, 24–84.
23.
Denckla, M.B., & Rudel, R. (1976). Rapid “automatized” naming (R.A.N.): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia, 14, 471–479.
24.
Duane, D.D., & Gray, D.B. (Eds.). (1991). The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia.Parkton, MD: York Press.
25.
Dykman, R.A., & Ackerman, P.T. (1991a). Attention deficit disorder and specific reading disability: Separate but often overlapping disorders. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 96–103.
26.
Dykman, R.A., & Ackerman, P.T. (1991b). Working memory in dyslexic children: Final report.Bethesda, MD: NICHD.
27.
Dykman, R.A., & Ackerman, P.T. (1992). Diagnosing dyslexia: IQ regression plus cut points. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 574–576.
28.
Dykman, R.A., Ackerman, P.T., & Holcomb, P.J. (1985). Reading disabled and ADD children: Similarities and differences. In D. Gray (Ed.), Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia (pp. 47–62). Parkton, MD: York Press.
29.
Ellis, N.R. (1970). Memory processes in retardates and normals: Theoretical and empirical considerations. In N.R. Ellis (Ed.), International review of research in mental retardation (Vol. 4). New York: Academic Press.
30.
Felton, R., Naylor, C. E., & Wood, F. (1990). Neuropsychological profiles of adult dyslexics. Brain and Language, 39, 485–497.
31.
Filipek, P., & Kennedy, D. (1991). Magnetic resonance imaging: Its role in the developmental disorders. In D.D. Duane & D.B. Gray (Eds.), The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia (pp. 133–160). Parkton, MD: York Press.
32.
Galaburda, A. (1991). Anatomy of dyslexia: Argument against phrenology. In D.D. Duane & D.B. Gray (Eds.), The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia (pp. 119–132). Parkton, MD: York Press.
33.
Goswami, U., & Bryant, P. (1990). Phonological skills and learning to read.East Sussex, UK: Erlbaum.
34.
Hasher, L., & Zacks, R.T. (1979). Automatic and effortful processes in memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 108, 356–388.
35.
Herjanic, B., & Reich, W. (1982). Development of a structured psychiatric interview for children: Agreement between child and parent on individual symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 10, 307–324.
36.
Holcomb, P.J., Ackerman, P.T., & Dykman, R.A. (1985). Cognitive event-related brain potentials in children with attention and reading deficits. Psychophysiology, 22, 656–666.
37.
Hollingsworth, A.B. (1957). Two factor index of social position.New Haven, CT: Author.
38.
Hulme, C., Thomson, N., Muir, C., & Laurence, A. (1984). Speech rate and the development of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 38, 241–253.
39.
Hynd, G.W., Semrud-Clikeman, M., Lorys, A.R., Novey, E.S., & Eliopulos, D. (1990). Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Archives of Neurology, 47, 919–926.
40.
Jastak, J.F., & Jastak, S. (1984). The wide range achievement test-Revised.Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates.
41.
Kaplan, E., Goodglass, H., Weintraub, S., & Segal, D. (1983). The Boston naming test.Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
42.
Liberman, I.Y., & Shankweiler, D. (1985). Phonology and the problems of learning to read and write. Remedial and Special Education, 6(6), 8–17.
43.
Licht, R., Bakker, D. J., Kok, A., & Bouma, A. (1988). The development of lateral event-related potentials (ERPs) related to word naming: A four year longitudinal study. Neuropsychologia, 26, 327–340.
44.
Livingstone, M., Rosen, G., Drislane, F., & Galaburda, A. (1991). Physiological and anatomical evidence for a magnocellular defect in developmental dyslexia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 88, 7943–7947.
45.
Loney, J., & Milich, R. (1982). Hyperactivity, inattention and aggression in clinical practice. In M. Wolraich & D.K. Routh (Eds.), Advances in behavioral pediatrics (pp. 113–145). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
46.
Lubs, H., Duara, R., Levin, B., Jallad, B., Lubs, M.L., Rabin, M., Kushch, A., & Gross-Glenn, K. (1991). Dyslexia subtypes: Genetics, behavior, and brain imaging. In D.D. Duane & D.B. Gray (Eds.), The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia (pp. 89–118). Parkton, MD: York Press.
47.
MacLean, M., Bryant, P. E., & Bradley, L. (1987). Rhymes, nursery rhymes and reading in early childhood. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 255–282.
48.
Mann, V.A. (1986). Why some children encounter reading problems. In J.K. Torgesen & B.L. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp. 139–159). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Olson, R., Wise, B., Conners, F., Rack, J., & Fulker, D. (1989). Specific deficits in component reading and language skills: Genetic and environmental influences. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 339–348.
51.
Pennington, B. (1991). Diagnosing learning disorders: A neuropsychological framework.New York: Guilford Press.
52.
Richardson, E. (1985). The reliability, validity, and flexibility of the Decoding Skills Test. In D.B. Gray & J.F. Kavanagh (Eds.), Biobehavioral measures of dyslexia (pp. 279–296). Parkton, MD: York Press.
53.
Richardson, E., & DiBenedetto, B. (1985). The decoding skills test. Parkton, MD: York Press.
54.
Rourke, B.P., Fisk, J.L., & Strang, J.D. (1986). Neuropsychological assessment of children: A treatment-oriented approach.New York: Guilford Press.
55.
Shaywitz, B., Shaywitz, S., Liberman, I., Fletcher, J., Shankweiler, D., Duncan, J., Katz, L., Liberman, A., Francis, D., Dreyer, L., Crain, S., Brady, S., Fowler, A., Kier, L., Rosenfield, N., Gore, J., & Makuch, R. (1991). Neurolinguistic and biologic mechanisms in dyslexia. In D.D. Duane & D.B. Gray (Eds.), The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia (pp. 27–52). Parkton, MD: York Press.
56.
Shaywitz, S.E., Shaywitz, B.A., Fletcher, J.M. & Escobar, M.D. (1990). Prevalence of reading disability in boys and girls: Results of the Connecticut Longitudinal Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 264, 998–1002.
57.
Spring, C. & Perry, L. (1986). Naming speed, articulation speed, and serial recall in poor and adequate readers. Unpublished manuscript.
58.
Stanovich, K.E. (1986). Cognitive processes and the reading problems of learning disabled children: Evaluating the assumption of specificity. In J. Torgesen & B. Wong (Eds.), Psychological and educational perspectives on learning disabilities (pp. 87–131). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
59.
Stanovich, K.E. (1988). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: The phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 590–604.
60.
Taylor, M.J., & Keenan, N.K. (1990). Event-related potentials to visual and language stimuli in normal and dyslexic children. Psychophysiology, 27, 318–327.
61.
Torgesen, J.K., Rashotte, C.A., Greenstein, J., Houck, G., & Portes, P. (1987). Academic difficulties of learning disabled children who perform poorly on memory span tasks. In H.L. Swanson (Ed.), Memory and learning disabilities: Advances in learning and behavioral disabilities (pp. 305–333). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Wagner, R.K., & Torgesen, J.K. (1987). The nature of phonological processing and its causal role in the acquisition of reading skills. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 192–212.
64.
Wechsler, D. (1974). The Wechsler intelligence test for children-Revised.San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
Wolf, M. (1991). Letter naming, naming speed, reading, and the contribution of the cognitive neurosciences. Reading Research Quarterly, 26, 123–141.
67.
Wolf, M., & Goodglass, H. (1986). Dyslexia, dysnomia, and lexical retrieval: A longitudinal investigation. Brain and Language, 28, 154–168.
68.
Wood, F., Felton, R., Flowers, L., & Naylor, C. (1991). Neurobehavioral definition of dyslexia. In D.D. Duane & D.B. Gray (Eds.), The reading brain: The biological basis of dyslexia (pp. 1–26). Parkton, MD: York Press.
Yule, W., & Rutter, M. (1976). The epidemiology and social implications of specific reading retardation. In R. Knights & D.J. Bakker (Eds.), The neuropsychology of learning disorders (pp. 25–40). Baltimore: University Park Press.