The purpose of this study was to explore whether college normally achieving writers (n=35), writers with learning disabilities (n=35), and underprepared writers (n=35) demonstrated any differences in their ability to utilize the semantic roles and syntactic rules needed to apply cohesive referencing in written text. Cohesive referencing (the ability to assign roles to the speaker and addressee in written communication) is a critical aspect of written language. In addition, the study explored the relation between referential cohesion and the quality and coherence of a written text.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Baldwin, T., McFarlane, P., & Garvey, C. (1971). Children's communication accuracy related to race, socio-economic status. Child Development, 49, 345–351.
2.
Bamberg, B. (1984). Assessing coherence: A reanalysis of essays written for the National Assessment of Educational Progress, 1969--1979. Research in the Teaching of English, 18, 305–319.
3.
Chapman, L.J. (1980, April). The development of the perception of textual cohesion. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Reading Association, St. Louis.
4.
Chapman, L.J. (1983). Reading development and cohesion. Exeter, NH: Heinemann.
5.
Chapman, S.B., & Ulatowska, H.K. (1989). Discourse in aphasia: Integration deficits in processing reference. Brain and Language, 36, 651–668.
6.
Chomsky, C. (1969). The acquisition of syntax in children from 5 to 10. Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press.
7.
Clark, E. (1973). Non-linguistic strategies and the acquisition of word meanings. Cognition, 2, 161–182.
8.
Cohen, G. (1979). Language comprehension in old age. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 412–429.
9.
Cooper, C. (1977). Holistic evaluation of writing. In C. Cooper & L. Odell (Eds.), Evaluating writers (pp. 3–32). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
10.
Diederich, P. (1974). Measuring growth in English. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
11.
Duncan, A. (1961). Socioeconomic scale. In A. Reiss, A. Duncan, P. Hunt, & C. North (Eds.), Occupations and social status (pp. 76–77). New York: Free Press of Glencoe.
12.
Dunn, L.M., & Dunn, L.M. (1981). Peabody picture vocabulary test-Revised. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Fayne, H. (1981). A comparison of learning disabled adolescents with normal learners on an anaphoric pronominal reference task. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 14, 597–599.
15.
Gregg, N. (1982). An investigation of the breakdown in certain aspects of the writing process with college age learning disabled, normal, and basic writers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
16.
Gregg, N., & Hoy, C. (1989). Coherence: The comprehension and production abilities of college writers who are normally achieving, learning disabled, and underprepared. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 22, 370–373.
17.
Gregg, N., & McAlexander, P. (1989). The relation between sense of audience and specific learning disabilities: An exploration. Annals of Dyslexia, 29, 206–226.
18.
Halliday, M.A.K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
19.
Hammill, D., Leigh, J., McNutt, G., & Larsen, S. (1981). A new definition of learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 4, 336–342.
20.
LeDoux, J.R., Blum, C., & Hirst, W. (1983). Inferential processing of context studies of cognitively impaired subjects. Brain and Language, 19, 216–224.
21.
Lesgold, A.M. (1973). Variability in children's comprehension of syntactic structures (Tech. Rep. No. 77). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, Learning Research and Development Center.
22.
Litowitz, B. (1981). Developmental issues in written language. Topics in Language Disorders, 1(2), 73–89.
23.
Lovett, M.W., Denno, M., & Newman, J.E. (1986). Making reference: The cohesive use of pronouns in the narrative discourse of hemidecorticate adolescents. Brain and Language, 29, 224–251.
24.
Lucas, E.V. (1980). Semantic and pragmatic language disorders. Rockville, MD: Aspen.
25.
Maratsos, M.P. (1973). Preschool children's use of definite and indefinite articles. Child Development, 45, 446–455.
26.
Myers, M. (1980). A procedure for writing assessment and holistic scoring. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English/Educational Resources Information Center.
27.
National Assessment of Educational Progress. (1980). Writing achievement, 1969-79 (Vol. 1). Denver, CO: Author.
28.
Richek, M.A. (1977). Reading comprehension of anaphoric forms in varying linguistic contexts. Reading Research Quarterly, 12, 145–165.
29.
Rochester, S.R., & Martin, J.R. (1977). The art of referencing: The speaker's use of noun phrases to instruct the listener. In R.O. Freedle (Ed.), Discourse production and comprehension (Vol. 1, pp. 103–143). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
30.
Rubin, D. (1984). Social communication and written communication. Written Communication, 1, 211–246.
31.
Shaugnessy, M. (1977). Errors and expectations: A guide for the teacher of basic writing. New York: Oxford University Press.
32.
Ulatowska, H.K., Hayashi, M. M., Cannito, M.P., & Fleming, S.G. (1986). Disruption of referencing in aging. Brain and Language, 28, 24–41.
33.
Vogel, S., & Moran, M.R. (1982). Written language disorders in learning disabled college students: A preliminary report. In W. Cruickshank & J. Lerner (Eds.), Coming of age, Vol. 3, the best of ACLD (pp. 15–30). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
34.
Waryas, C.L. (1973). Psycholinguistic research in language intervention programming: The pronoun system. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 2, 221–237.
35.
Wechsler, D. (1981). Wechsler intelligence scale for adults-Revised. New York: Psychological Corp.
36.
Winer, B.J. (1978). Statistical principles in experimental design (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.