A nation at risk: The imperative for educational reform. National commission on excellence in education. Congressional Record-Senate. May 5, 1983, pp. S6059–S6065.
2.
Ames, L.B.Retention in grade can be a step forward. Education Digest, March 1981, 37.
3.
Barber, L. Personal communication, July 20, 1983.
4.
Finlayson, H.J. The effect of nonpromotion upon the self concept of pupils in primary grades. (Dissertation Abstract, Temple University, 1975). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED155556).
5.
Finlayson, H.J.Nonpromotion and self-concept development. Phi Delta Kappa, November 1977, 205–206.
6.
Gallup, G.H.Gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappa, September 1982, 37–50.
7.
Glasser, W.J.The effect of school failure on the life of a child, Part 2. Journal of Educational Measurement, 1969, 6, 12–18.
8.
Goodlad, J.I.Research and theory regarding promotion and nonpromotion. Elementary School Journal, 1952, 53, 150-155.
9.
Goodlad, J.I.A Place Called School, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1983.
10.
Jackson, G.B.The research evidence on the effects of grade retention. Review of Educational Research, 1975, 45, 613–635.
11.
Kerzner, R.L. The effect of retention of achievement. (M.A. Thesis, Kean College of New Jersey, 1982). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED2 16309).
12.
Koons, C.L.Nonpromotion: A dead-end road. Phi Delta Kappa, May 1977, 701–702.
13.
Mulhern, J.A History of Education: A Social Interpretation. New York: The Ronald Press, 1959, 609.
14.
Owen, S.A., and Ranick, D.L.The greensville program: A commonsense approach to basics. Phi Delta Kappa, March 1977, 531–533.
15.
Reinherz, H., and Griffin, C. L.The second time around. School Counselor, 1970, 17, 213–218.
16.
Reiter, R.G.The promotion/retention dilemma: What research tells us. Philadelphia: Office of Research and Evaluation, Philadelphia School District, 1973, p. 6. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 099412).
17.
Sandoval, J.Light's Retention Scale does not predict success in first-grade retainees. Psychology in the Schools, 1982, 19, 10–14.
18.
Scott, B.A., and Ames, L.B.Improved academic, personal, and social adjustment in selected primary-school repeaters. Elementary School Journal, 1961, 69, 431–439.
19.
Thompson, S.Grade Retention and Social Promotion. Burlingame, CA:ACSA School Management Digest, Number Twenty, 1980. Association of California School Administrators, 1575 Old Bayshore Hwy., Burlingame, CA 94010. (Note: see this for excellent references).
20.
Zirkel, P.A., and Gluckman, I.B.Nonpromotion of students. NASSP Bulletin, 1982, 66, 114–116.
