This article focuses on the factors that have led to the current interest in the neuropsychology of learning disorders. The validity of the neuropsychological model is examined. Research regarding the neurobiological basis of learning disorders, cerebral asymmetries, and neuropsychological assessment battteries for learning disabilities are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Hynd, G. W. & Hynd, C. R. Dyslexia: Dated assumptions or dated critics? Manuscript submitted for publication.
2.
Reitan, R. M. Applications of neuropsychological testing in psychiatric diagnosis. Unpublished manuscript. 1980.
3.
Aaron, P. G.A neuropsychological key approach to diagnosis and remediation of learning disabilities.Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1979, 335, 35–326.
4.
Ann, H., Prichep, L., John, E. R., Baird, H., Trepetin, M., & Kaye, H.Developmental equations reflect brain dysfunction.Science. 1980, 210, 1259–1262.
5.
Ayres, J. A.Dichotic listening performance in learning disabled children.American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1977, 31, 441–446.
6.
Bakker, D. J.Ear asymmetry with monaural stimulation: Task influences.Cortex. 1969, 5, 36–42.
7.
Bakker, D. J., Licht, R., Kok, A. & Bouma, A.Cortical responses to word reading by right-and left-eared normal and reading disturbed children.Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology. 1980, 2, 1–12.
8.
Bakker, D. J., Teunissen, J., & Bosch, J.Development of laterality reading patterns. In R. M. Knights & D. J. Bakker (Eds.), the neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical approaches. Baltimore: University Park Press. 1976.
9.
Bouma, H., & Legein, C. P.Foveal and parafoveal recognition of letters and words by dyslexics and average readers.Neuropsychologia. 1977, 15, 69–80.
10.
Bryden, M. P.Laterality effects in dichotic listening: Relations with handedness and reading ability in children.Neuropsychologia. 1970, 8, 443–450.
11.
Bryden, M. P., & Allard, F.Dichotic listening and the development of linguistic processes. In M. Kinsbourne (Ed.), Asymmetrical function of the brain. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1978.
12.
Cermak, S. A., Cermak, L. S., Drake, C., & Kenney, R.The effect of concurrent manual activity on the dichotic listening performance of boys with learning disabilities.American Journal of Occupational Therapy. 1978, 32, 493–499.
Cruickshank, W. M.A new perspective in reacher education: The neuroeducator. Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1981, 14, 337–341, 367.
15.
Dalby, J. T.Deficit or delay: Neuropsychological models of developmental dyslexia.The Journal of Special Education. 1979, 13, 239–264.
16.
Dalby, J. T. & Gibson, D.Functional cerebral lateralization in subtypes of disabled readers.Brain and Language. 1981, 14, 34–48.
17.
Dawdy, S. C.Pediatric neuropsychology: Forging the discipline.Clinical Neuropsychology. 1979, 2, 86–87.
18.
Dean, R. S., & Hua, M.Laterality effects in cued auditory asymmetries.Neuropsychologia. 1982, 20, 685–690.
19.
Drake, W. E.Clinical and pathological findings in a child with a developmental learning disability.Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1968, 1, 486–502.
20.
Duffy, F. H., Denckla, M. B., Bartels, P. A., & Sandini, G.Dyslexia: Regional differences in brain electrical activity by topographic mapping.Annals of Neurology. 1980, 7, 412–420 (a).
21.
Duffy, F. H., Denckla, M. B., Bartels, P. A., Sandini, G. & Kiessling, L. S.Dyslexia: Automated diagnosis by computerized classification of brain electrical activity.Annals of Neurology. 1980, 7, 421–428 (b).
22.
Gaddes, W. H.A neuropsychological approach of learning disorders.Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1968, 1, 523–534.
23.
Gaddes, W. H.Can educational psychology be neurologized?.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences. 1969, 1, 38–49.
24.
Gaddes, W. H.An examination of the validity of neuropsychological knowledge in educational diagnosis and remediation. In G. W. Hynd & J. E. Obrzut (Eds.) Neuropsychological assessment and the school-age child: Issues and procedures. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.. 1981.
25.
Gaddes, W. H., & Crockett, D. J.The Spreen-Benton Aphasis Tests, normative data as a measure of normal language development.Brain and Language. 1975, 2, 257–280.
26.
Galaburda, A. M., & Eidelberg, D.Symmetry and asymmetry in the human posterior thalamus: II. Thalamic lesions in a case of developmental dyslexia.Archieves of Neurology. 1982, 39, 333–336.
27.
Galaburda, A. M., & Kemper, T. L.Cytoarchitectonic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia: A case study.Annals of Neurology. 1979, 6, 94–100.
28.
Gall, F. J.Sur les fonctions de cerveau et sur cells des ses parties. (Six volumes). Paris: Bailliere. 1825.
29.
Geffen, G.The development of the right ear advantage in dichotic listening with focused attention. Cortex. 178, 14, 11–17.
30.
Golden, C. J., Hammeke, T. A., & Purisch, A. D.Diagnostic validity of a standardized neuropsychological battery derived from Luria's neuropsychological tests.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1978, 46, 1258–1265.
31.
Hartlage, L. C.Neuropsychological assessment techniques. In C. R. Reynolds and T. B. Gutkin (Eds.), The Handbook of School Psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons. 1982.
32.
Heilman, K. M., & Vaienstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press. 1979.
33.
Hiscock, M., & Kinsbourne, M.Ontogeny of cerebral dominance: Evidence from time sharing asymmetry in children.Developmental Psychology. 1978, 14, 321–329.
34.
Hiscock, M., & Kinsbourne, M.Asymmetries of selective listening and attention switching in children.Developmental Psychology. 1980, 16, 70–82.
35.
Hynd, G. W.Training the school psychologist in neuropsychology: Perspectives, issues, and models. In G. W. Hynd & J. E. Obrzut (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment and the schoolage child: Issues and procedures. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.. 1981.
36.
Hynd, G. W., & Obrzut, J. E. (Eds.) Neuropsychological assessment and the school-age child: Issues and procedures. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.. 1981 (a).
37.
Hynd, G. W., & Obrzut, J. E.School neuropsychology.Journal of School Psychology. 1981, 19, 45–50, (b).
38.
Hynd, G. W., Obrzut, J. E., Weed, W., & Hynd, C.R.Development of cerebral dominance: Dichotic listening asymmetry in normal and learning disabled children.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1979, 28, 445–454.
39.
James, W.The principles of psychology. Vol. 2. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, Inc.. 1890.
40.
Kaufman, A. S., & Kaufman, N. S. KaufmanAssessment Battery for Children. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Services. 1983.
41.
Kershner, J. R.Cerebral dominance in disabled readers, good readers and gifted children: Search for a valid model.Child Development. 1977, 48, 61–67.
42.
Kimura, D.Cerebral dominance and the perception of verbal stimuli.Canadian Journal of Psychology. 1961, 15, 166–171.
43.
Kimura, D.Manual activity during speaking I, Right-handers.Neuropsychologia. 1973, 11, 45–50.
44.
Kinsbourne, M.The cerebral basis of lateral asymmetries in attention.Acts Psychologica. 1970, 33, 193–201.
45.
Klonoff, H., & Low, M.Disordered brain function in young children and early adolescents: Neuropsychological and electroencephalographic correlates. In R. M. Reitan and L. A. Davison (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. New York: Wiley. 1974.
46.
Knights, R. M.Problems of criteria in diagnosis: A profile similarity approach.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1973, 205, 124–131.
47.
Leong, C. K.Lateralization in severely disabled readers in relation to functional cerebral development and syntheses of information. In R. M. Knights & D. J. Bakker (Eds.). The Neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical approaches.Baltimore: University Park Press. 1976.
48.
Luria, A. R.Restoration of function after brain damage. New York: Pergamon Press. 1963.
49.
Luria, A. R.Traumatic aphasia. Paris: Mouton. 1970.
50.
Luria, A. R.The working brain. New York: Basic Books. 1973.
51.
Luria, A. R.Higher cortical functions in man. New York: Basic Books. 1980.
Marcel, T., & Rajan, P.Lateral specialization for recognition of words and faces in good and poor readers.Neuropsychologia. 1975, 13, 489–497.
54.
McKeever, W.F., & Huling, M. D.Bilateral tachistoscopic word recognition as a function of hemisphere stimulated and interhemispheric transfer time.Neuropsychologia. 1971, 9, 281–288.
55.
McKeever, W. F., & Van Deventer, A. D.Dyslexic adolescents: Evidence of impaired visual and auditory language processing associated with normal lateralization and visual responsivity.Cortex. 1975, 11, 361–378.
56.
Meyers, R.Aphasia: A problem in differential diagnosis and reduction.Quarterly Journal of Speech. 1937, 23, 357–377.
57.
Moore, C. L., & Burns, W. J.The performance of neurologically impaired and normal subjects on four screening techniques.Journal of Clinical Psychology. 1979, 35, 420–424.
58.
Naylor, H., Lambert, N. M., Sassone, D. M., & Hardyck, C.Lateral asymmetry in perceptual judgments of reading disabled, hyperactive and control children.International Journal of Neuroscience. 1980, 10, 135–143.
59.
Obrzut, J. E.Dichotic listening and bisensory memory skills in qualitatively diverse dyslexic readers.Journal of Learning Disabilities. 1979, 12, 304–314.
60.
Obrzut, J. E.Neuropsychological procedures with school-age children. In G. W. Hynd & J. E. Obrzut (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessment and the school-age child: Issues and procedures. New York: Grune & Stratton. 1981.
61.
Obrzut, J. E., & Hynd, G. W.Cognitive development and cerebral lateralization in children with learning disabilities.International Journal of Neuroscience. 1981, 14, 139–145.
62.
Obrzut, J. E., Hynd, G. W., & Obrzut, A.Neuropsychological assessment of learning disabilities: A discriminant analysis.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1983, 35, 46–55.
63.
Obrzut, J. E., Hynd, G. W., Obrzut, A., & Leitgeb, J. L.Time sharing and dichotic listening asymmetry in normal and learning-disabled children.Brain and Language. 1980, 11, 181–194.
64.
Obrzut, J. E., Hynd, G. W., Obrzut, A., & Pirozzolo, F. J.Effects of directed attention on cerebral asymmetries in normal and learning disabled children.Developmental Psychology. 1981, 17, 118–125.
65.
Obrzut, J. E., Hynd, G. W., & Zellner, R. D.Attentional deficit in learning-disabled children: Evidence from visual half-field asymmetries.Brain and Cognition. 1983, 2, 89–101.
66.
Olson, M. E.Laterality differences in tachistoscopic word recognition in normal and delayed readers in elementary school.Neuropsychologia. 1973, 11, 343–350.
67.
Orton, S. T.Reading, writing and speech problems in children. New York: Norton. 1937.
68.
Pirozzolo, F. J., Rayner, K., & Hynd, G. W.The measurement of hemispheric asymmetries in children with developmental reading disability. In J. B. Hellige (Ed.), Cerebral hemisphere assymmetry: Method, theory, and application. New York: Praeger Scientific Publishers, in press.
69.
Reed, H. B. C., Reitan, R. M., & Klove, H.Influence of cerebral lesions on psychological test performance of older children.Journal of Consulting Psychology. 1965, 29, 247–251.
70.
Reitan, R. M.Certain differential effects of left and right cerebral lesions in human adults.Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 1955, 48, 474.
71.
Reitan, R. M.Psychological effects of cerebral lesions in children of early school-age. In R. M. Reitan & L. A. Davison (Eds.), Clinical neuropsychology: Current status and applications. New York: Wiley. 1974.
72.
Reynolds, C. R.Neuropsychological assessment and the habibitation of learning: Consideration in the search for the aptitude x treatment interaction.School Psychology Review. 1981, 10, 342–349.
73.
Ross, D., & Ross, S.Hyperactivity: Research, theory and action. New York: Wiley. 1976.
74.
Rourke, B. P.Brain-behavior relationships in children with learning disabilities: A research program.American Psychologist. 1975, 30, 911–920.
75.
Rourke, B. P., Strang, J. D.Neuropsychological significance of variation in patterns of academic performance: Motor, psychomotor, and tactileperceptual abilities.Journal of Pediatric Psychology. 1978, 3, 62–66.
76.
Sandoval, J., & Haapanen, R. M.A critical commentary on neuropsychology in the schools: Are we ready?.School Psychology Review. 1981, 10, 381–388.
77.
Satz, P.Cerebral dominance and reading disability: A old problem revisited. In R. M. Knights, D. J. Bakker (Eds.), The neuropsychology of learning disorders: Theoretical approaches. Baltimore: University Park Press. 1976.
78.
Satz, P., & Morris, R.Learning disability subtypes: A review. In F. J. Pirozzolo & M. C. Wittrock (Eds.), Neuropsychological and cognitive processes in reading. New York: Academic Press. 1980.
79.
Satz, P., Rardin, D., & Ross, J.An evaluation of a theory of specific developmental dyslexia.Child Development. 1971, 42, 2009–2021.
80.
Selz, M.Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test batteries for children. In G. W. Hynd & J. E. Obrzut (Eds.), Neuropsychological assessmen; and the school-age child: Issues and procedures. New York: Grune and Stratton. 1981.
81.
Selz, M., & Reitan, R. M.Neuropsychological test performance of normal learning-disabled and brain-damaged older children.Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1979, 167, 298–302. (a)
82.
Selz, M., & Reitan, R. M.Rules for neuropsychological diagnosis: Classification of brain function in older children.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1979, 47, 258–264.
Spache, G. D.Investigating the issues of reading disabilities. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 1976.
85.
Sparrow, S. & Satz, P.Dyslexia, laterality and neuropsychological development. In D.J. Bakker & P Satz (Eds.), Specific reading disability: Advances in theory and method. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press. 1970.
86.
Spreen, O., & Gaddes, W. H.Developmental norms for 15 neuropsychological tests age 6 to 15.Cortex. 1969, 5, 171–191.
87.
van der Vlugt, H.Aspects of normal and abnormal neuropsychological development. In M. S. Gazzaniga (Ed.), Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology. Vol. 2: Neuropsychology. New York: Plenum. 1979
88.
Witelson, W. S., & Rabinovitch, M. S.Hemispheric speech lateralization in children with auditory-linguistic deficits.Cortex. 1972, 8, 412–426.
89.
Zurif, E. F., & Carson, G.Dyslexia in relation to cerebral dominance and temporal analysis.Neuropsychologia. 1970, 8, 351–361.
