INTUC, 17th Report (1965-1968), New Delhi, India, p. 40. It is interesting that the Indian National Trade Union Congress, which is the affiliate of the ruling Congress Party, has made this statement.
2.
K.N. Subramaniam, Labour Management Relations in India, p. 384.
3.
These associations representing civil servants, post and telegraph employees, civil aviation employees, etc., perform some functions which are similar to trade union activities in the accepted sense. Their activities may include involvement in such questions as wages and dearness allowance.
4.
The associations are entitled to put up demands of a collective nature, that is, demands affecting groups of employees.
5.
A co-ordinating committee is formed to "co-ordinate" the activities of various associations of public sector employees such as civil servants, railway employees, post and telegraph workers, defence establishment employees, etc. The co-ordinating committee played significant roles in the all-India strikes of 1960 and 1968. The political parties play a crucial role in such committees.
6.
In the case of civil servants the Government has been generally reluctant to use adjudication by industrial tribunals. Instead, it has favoured the setting up of Pay Commissions and Dearness Allowance Commissions.
7.
K. N. Subramaniam, op. cit., p. 375.
8.
The 1957 amendment introduced rules 4a and 4b. 4a prohibits any form of demonstration or resort to strikes by civil servants. Rule 4b said that no Government employee shall join or continue to be a member of any service association of Government servants which has not, within six months of its formation, obtained recognition of the Government or in respect of which recognition has been refused or withdrawn. In 1962 the Supreme Court held the "demonstration" part of 4a and the whole of 4b invalid and unconstitutional. The civil servants are still prohibited from striking.
9.
Planning Commission, The Second Five Year Plan—A Summary, 1956, pp. 175-7, reproduced in K.N. Vaid, State and Labour in India (Asia Publishing House, New York), 1965, p. 225.
10.
AITUC, Five Glorious Days, New Delhi, India, 1960. The credibility of these figures is reinforced by the fact that the Federal Home Minister disclosed the number of arrests made to be about 20,000. (Reproduced from G.K. Sharma, Labour Movement in India, University Publishers, Delhi, 1963, p. 148.)
11.
The Eastern Economist, New Delhi, July 22, 1960, p. 1.
12.
See Indian Labour Year Book, 1963, p. 66, reproduced in the U.S. BLS Report No. 303, Labor Law and Practice in India, 1966, p. 30.
13.
The Statesman (daily), September 21, 1968 , p. 1.
14.
Overseas Hindustan Times (weekly), September 28, 1968, p. 3.
15.
The Statesman, September 26, 1968, p. 1.
16.
Overseas Hindustan Times, loc. cit., p. 3.
17.
O.P. Gupta , Government Workers Not Intimidated by Repression , World Trade Union Movement, February, 1969 , pp. 6-12.
18.
Withdrawal of unions primarily attected union organizations in post and telegraph and civil aviation.
19.
M.K. Dhar, Overseas Hindustan Times, loc. cit., p. 5.
20.
G.K. Sharma.Labour Movement in India, University Publishers, Delhi, India, 1963, p. 148.
21.
Van dusen Kennedy , Union, Government and Employers, Manaktalas, Bombay, India, 1966, pp. 136-7.
22.
The Statesman, September 21, 1968, p. 6.
23.
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 135.
24.
See S.M. Pandey , "The Changing Character of White Collar Workers in India", Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. X, No. 4, January, 1968 , pp. 159-67.
25.
S.M. Pandey , "Conflict in Government Employment Relations: A case study", Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Vol. IX, No. 4, January, 1967, p. 511.
26.
Third Five Year Plan, p. 250, reproduced in B.N. Datar, Labour Economics, Allied Publishers, India, 1968, p. 128.
