See Ashok Mehta, Eleven points programme referred in S. C. Pant, Indian Labour Problems (1965), p. 107.
4.
Ibid.
5.
Ibid.
6.
Ibid.
7.
Ashok Mehta, "Dynamics of the Labour Movement", a presidential address delivered at IX Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Labour Economics held at Varanasi during December 1965, p. 15.
8.
Id., 16.
9.
See the Report of the Royal Commission on Labour (1931), p. 328.
10.
See H.M.S. Annual Rport (1962), p. 145.
11.
See "Working of the Trade Unions Act, 1926" of the relevant years, published by the Ministry of Labour, Govt. of India , New Delhi.
12.
TABLE I Source: Indian Labour Journal, January 1968, Vol. IX, No. 1, p. 65.
13.
First Five Year Plan, p. 582.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Ibid.
17.
Ibid.
18.
Ibid.
19.
Ibid.
20.
See the Third Five Year Plan, p. 255.
21.
Ibid.
22.
See draft outline of the Fourth Five Year Plan, Planning Commission, Government of India, New Delhi , 391.
23.
I bid.
24.
Computed from Table B-III, "Employers, employees and independent workers in industries and services by divisions and sub-division", pp. 449-51, part IIC, Economic Table (rural and urban population), Vol. I, Census of India, 1951. Employees engaged in non-industrial occupations, such as education, police, village offices and service, domestic services, legal and business services, religious and charitable services, and non-industrial government and non-Indian Government services are excluded.
25.
Computed from Table No. 2 of Census of India Paper No. 1 of 1962 (1961 Census), p. 395. Employees engaged as cultivator, agricultural labourer and in other services are excluded.
26.
The estimate is based on data given in Indian Labour Year Book of the relevant years for 1957-60 and Indian Labour Journal of 1963, 1964 and 1965 for 1961-62, 1963 and 1964 respectively.
27.
Industrial Relations in India (1958), p. 259.
28.
First Five Year Plan, p. 573.
29.
First Five Year Plan, p. 575.
30.
Annual Report of 1963.
31.
First Five Year Plan, p. 582.
32.
I.N.T.U.C. Report, Twelfth Session, p. 9.
33.
I.N.T.U.C. Brief Review, Thirteenth Session, p. 30.
34.
H.M.S. Report, Tenth Convention, p. 83.
35.
A.I.T.U.C., Crisis and Workers, p. 59.
36.
I.L.O., Higher Productivity in Manufacturing Industry.
37.
See the proceedings of the seminar on productivity, 1957.
38.
Report of Royal Commission on Labour (1931), p. 329.
39.
Ibid.
40.
Review of the working of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926, during 1956-57, p. 12.
41.
During 1956-57, however, some 89 unions undertook several activities for the welfare of the members including setting up of various types of co-operative societies, e.g., credit societies, housing co-operatives, co-operative stores, canteens, etc. See Review of the working of the Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926, during 1956-57, p. 8.
42.
See supra, note 3, p. 9.
43.
Ibid.
44.
See I.N.T.U.C. 17th Report (17/7/1968), p. 162.
45.
A recent study of literacy in the working class reveals that out of 2.815 million workers engaged in tea plantation, coal mines, jute and cotton textiles, iron and steel, 2.08 million workers are illiterate (see Ashoka Mehta, "Dynamics of the Labour Movement", a presidential address delivered at IX Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Labour Economics, held at Varanasi).
46.
See Workers' Education, a bulletin of the Central Board of Workers' Education, Nagpur, April 1968.
47.
See the Seventh Annual Report.
48.
See p. 252.
49.
See Agenda No. 5 of the Fifth Meeting of the Central Family Planning Council, held at Nainital (April 17-19, 1968), p. 2.
50.
Ibid.
51.
Ibid.
52.
R.K. Pawar, Industrial Safety, published by the Central Board for Workers' Education, 1963, p. 15.
53.
The main obstacles are: ( 1) illiteracy amongst working class; (2) poverty of workers; (3) migratory character of workers; (4) multiplicity and rivalry amongst trade unions; (5) lack of homogeneity due to caste, creed and religion, etc.; (6) lack of time at the disposal of workers; (7) limited trade union membership; (8) absence of proper leadership; (9) outside interference in the trade unions; (10) interference of political parties and outsiders in the affairs of trade unions: (11) inadequate bargaining power; (12) lack of co-operation of management; (13) inadequate protection to trade union members; (14) prevalence of adjudication system: (15) existence of works committee; (16) provisions of minimum standard statutes and social security statutes; ( 17) the provisions of standing orders under the Industrial Employment (Standing) Order Act, 1946.
