* This paper is based on one prepared for the National Seminar on Industrial Relations held at Chandigarh (India) in September 1967, and was written while the author was visiting professor in the Industrial Relations Research Institute of the University of Wisconsin. He is grateful to Professor B. J. Bhatt of the State University of New York at Buffalo and to Father M. Van den Bogaert of the Xavier College, Ranchi, India, for their comments on the first draft. They bear none of the blame for its inadequacies.
2.
B.H. Millen, The Political Role of Labour in Developing Countries, Washington, Brookings Institute, 1963, p. 27. Even in developed countries such as Great Britain there is an increasing tendency for socialist parties to be dominated by middle-class rather than working-class types—see J. Blondel, Voters, Parties and Leaders, London, Penguin, 1963, chapters 4 and 5.
3.
See R.K. Das, The Labour Movement in India, Berlin, de Gruyter, 1923; and N.M. Joshi, The Trade Union Movement in India, Bombay, N. M. Joshi, 1927.
4.
P.P. Lakshman, Congress and Labour Movement in India, Allahabad, All-India Congress Committee, 1947, p. 17.
5.
A. Mukhtar, Trade Unionism and LabourDisputes in India, Madras, Longmans Green , 1935, pp. 22-3.
6.
S.D. Punekar , "Outside Leadership of Trade Unions: A Bombay Survey", Economic Weekly, 10, 1958, 877-89. See also K.N. Vaid, Growth and Practice of Trade Unionism: An Area Study, Delhi, Delhi School of Social Work, 1962; and A.S. Mathur, Trade Union Elite in India, Agra, Institute of Social Science, Agra University, 1966.
7.
H. Crouch, Trade Unions and Politics in India, Bombay, Manaktala, 1966, p. 31.
8.
V.D. Kennedy, Unions, Employers and Government, Bombay, Manaktalas, 1966, pp. 86-90.
9.
For confirmation of this point in the case of one union see M. J. Van den Bogaert, S.J., "Trade Unions in the Calcutta Docks as Agents of Socio-Cultural Integration", Social Action, in the press.
10.
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 200.
11.
Bogaert, loc. cit.
12.
Punekar, loc. cit.; and see for example, C. A. Myers, Labour Problems in the Industrialization of India, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1958, p. 180.
13.
Kennedy, op. cit., p. 198.
14.
It must be noted that the small number of respondents not favouring economic objectives reduced the cell size on cross-tabulation and with it the prospects of finding inter-city differences at the 5 per cent level of significance.
