Emerging evidence suggests psychedelic-assisted therapies ameliorate symptoms of psychopathology. However, less is known about how psychedelics influence positive psychological functioning (e.g., compassionate love, self-compassion, and life satisfaction). These constructs may be relevant in understanding how psychedelics exert their therapeutic effects, as they are central to both intra- and interpersonal well-being, and may function as protective factors against psychopathology. In a cross-sectional sample (N = 984), we compared psychedelic-naive individuals (n = 169) to former (n = 178) and current (n = 637) psychedelic users on compassionate love, self-compassion, life satisfaction, and lifetime mystical-type experiences (MTEs). After controlling for confounding variables, current and former users reported significantly greater compassionate love, self-compassion, life satisfaction, and lifetime MTEs than psychedelic-naive individuals. Relative to former users, current psychedelic users reported significantly greater self-compassion, life satisfaction, and lifetime MTEs, but not compassionate love. Across all groups, lifetime MTEs were positively associated with positive psychological functioning, suggesting that relationships between MTEs and psychological functioning may not be restricted to psychedelic use. Although limited by self-reporting biases, a cross-sectional design, and a homogenous sample, our findings suggest psychedelic use and MTEs are associated with positive psychological functioning, warranting further examination of these psychological constructs in clinical trials.
Agin-LiebesG.NielsonE. M.ZingmanM.KimK.HaasA.OwensL. T.RogersU.BogenschutzM. (2024). Reports of self-compassion and affect regulation in psilocybin-assisted therapy for alcohol use disorder: An interpretive phenomenological analysis. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 38(1), 101–113. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000935
2.
Agin-LiebesG.PetridisP.ZeifmanR.LinkM.CordovaM. J.BogenschutzM. (2025). Psilocybin-assisted therapy increases self-compassion in patients with alcohol use disorder [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/f27jm_v1
3.
Agin-LiebesG.ZeifmanR. J.MitchellJ. M. (2025). Self-compassion mediates treatment effects in MDMA-assisted therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 16(1), Article 2485513. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2025.2485513
4.
AndersenK. A. A.Carhart-HarrisR.NuttD. J.ErritzoeD. (2021). Therapeutic effects of classic serotonergic psychedelics: A systematic review of modern-era clinical studies. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 143(2), 101–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.13249
5.
BarrettF. S.GriffithsR. R. (2018). Classic hallucinogens and mystical experiences: Phenomenology and neural correlates. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences, 36, 393–430. https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2017_474
6.
BarrettF. S.JohnsonM. W.GriffithsR. R. (2015). Validation of the revised Mystical Experience Questionnaire in experimental sessions with psilocybin. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(11), 1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881115609019
7.
BhattK. V.WeissmanC. R. (2024). The effect of psilocybin on empathy and prosocial behavior: A proposed mechanism for enduring antidepressant effects. NPJ Mental Health Research, 3(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-023-00053-8
8.
BlatchfordE.BrightS.EngelL. (2021). Tripping over the other: Could psychedelics increase empathy?Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 4(3), 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2020.00136
9.
BogenschutzM. P.RossS.BhattS.BaronT.ForcehimesA. A.LaskaE.MennengaS. E.O’DonnellK.OwensL. T.PodrebaracS.RotrosenJ.ToniganJ. S.WorthL. (2022). Percentage of heavy drinking days following psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy vs placebo in the treatment of adult patients with alcohol use disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 79(10), 953–962. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.2096
10.
BrasherT.RosenD.SpinellaM. (2023). Psychedelics and psychological strengths. International Journal of Wellbeing, 13(1), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v13i1.2325
11.
BremlerR.KatatiN.ShergillP.ErritzoeD.Carhart-HarrisR. L. (2023). Case analysis of long-term negative psychological responses to psychedelics. Scientific Reports, 13, Article 15998. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-41145-x
12.
BrennerR. E.HeathP. J.VogelD. L.CredéM. (2017). Two is more valid than one: Examining the factor structure of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Journal of Counseling Psychology, 64(6), 696–707. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000211
13.
DavisA. K.BarrettF. S.SoS.GukasyanN.SwiftT. C.GriffithsR. R. (2021). Development of the Psychological Insight Questionnaire among a sample of people who have consumed psilocybin or LSD. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 437–446. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120967878
14.
DienerE.EmmonsR. A.LarsenR. J.GriffinS. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
15.
Domínguez-ClavéE.SolerJ.ElicesM.FranquesaA.ÁlvarezE.PascualJ. C. (2022). Ayahuasca may help to improve self-compassion and self-criticism capacities. Human Psychopharmacology, 37(1), Article e2807. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2807
16.
EvansJ.RobinsonO. C.ArgyriE. K.SuseelanS.Murphy-BeinerA.McAlpineR.LukeD.MichelleK.PrideauxE. (2023). Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs: A mixed methods study. PLoS One, 18(10), Article e0293349. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0293349
17.
FangS.YangX.ZhangW. (2024). Efficacy and acceptability of psilocybin for primary or secondary depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 15, Article 1359088. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1359088
18.
FauvelB.Strika-BruneauL.PiolinoP. (2023). Changes in self-rumination and self-compassion mediate the effect of psychedelic experiences on decreases in depression, anxiety, and stress. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(1), 88–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000283
19.
FehrB.HarasymchukC.SprecherS. (2014). Compassionate love in romantic relationships: A review and some new findings. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 575–600. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407514533768
20.
FehrB.SprecherS. (2008). Compassionate love: Conceptual, measurement, and relational issues. In FehrB.SprecherS.UnderwoodL. G. (Eds.), The science of compassionate love: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 27–52). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303070.ch2
21.
FerrariM.HuntC.HarrysunkerA.AbbottM. J.BeathA. P.EinsteinD. A. (2019). Self-compassion interventions and psychosocial outcomes: A meta-analysis of RCTs. Mindfulness, 10(8), 1455–1473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-019-01134-6
22.
GermerC. (2023). Self-compassion in psychotherapy: Clinical integration, evidence base, and mechanisms of change. In Finlay-JonesA.BluthK.NeffK. (Eds.), Handbook of self-compassion (pp. 379–415). Springer Nature Switzerland AG. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_22
23.
GilbertP.McEwanK.MatosM.RivisA. (2011). Fears of compassion: Development of three self-report measures. Psychology and Psychotherapy, 84(3), 239–255. https://doi.org/10.1348/147608310X526511
24.
GoldN. D.PodrebaracS. K.WhiteL. A.MariniC.SimonN. M.MittelmanM. S.RossS.BogenschutzM. P.PetridisP. D. (2023). Examining the rationale for studying psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for the treatment of caregiver distress. Psychedelic Medicine, 1(2), 87–97. https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2022.0011
25.
GrantN.WardleJ.SteptoeA. (2009). The relationship between life satisfaction and health behavior: A cross-cultural analysis of young adults. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 16(3), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-009-9032-x
26.
GriffithsR. R.JohnsonM. W.CarducciM. A.UmbrichtA.RichardsW. A.RichardsB. D.CosimanoM. P.KlinedinstM. A. (2016). Psilocybin produces substantial and sustained decreases in depression and anxiety in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1181–1197. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675513
27.
GriffithsR. R.JohnsonM. W.RichardsW. A.RichardsB. D.JesseR.MacLeanK. A.BarrettF. S.CosimanoM. P.KlinedinstM. A. (2018). Psilocybin-occasioned mystical-type experience in combination with meditation and other spiritual practices produces enduring positive changes in psychological functioning and in trait measures of prosocial attitudes and behaviors. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 49–69. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117731279
28.
GriffithsR. R.RichardsW.JohnsonM.McCannU.JesseR. (2008). Mystical-type experiences occasioned by psilocybin mediate the attribution of personal meaning and spiritual significance 14 months later. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 22(6), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881108094300
29.
HendricksP. S.CrawfordM. S.CropseyK. L.CopesH.SweatN. W.WalshZ.PavelaG. (2018). The relationships of classic psychedelic use with criminal behavior in the United States adult population. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117735685
30.
HendricksP. S.ThorneC. B.ClarkC. B.CoombsD. W.JohnsonM. W. (2015). Classic psychedelic use is associated with reduced psychological distress and suicidality in the United States adult population. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(3), 280–288. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881114565653
31.
HerrmannZ.LevinA. W.ColeS. P.SlabaughS.BarnettB.PennA.JainR.RaisonC.RajannaB.JainS. (2023). Psychedelic use among psychiatric medication prescribers: Effects on well-being, depression, anxiety, and associations with patterns of use, reported harms, and transformative mental states. Psychedelic Medicine, 1(3), 139–149. https://doi.org/10.1089/psymed.2023.0030
32.
HoodR. W. (1975). The construction and preliminary validation of a measure of reported mystical experience. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 14(1), 29–41.
33.
IronsonG.KremerH.LucetteA. (2018). Compassionate love predicts long-term survival among people living with HIV followed for up to 17 years. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(6), 553–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2017.1350742
34.
JansenP.HojaS.MeneghettiC. (2021). Does repetitive thinking mediate the relationship between self-compassion and competition anxiety in athletes?Cogent Psychology, 8(1), Article 1909243. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2021.1909243
35.
JonesG.RicardJ. A.LipsonJ.NockM. K. (2022). Associations between classic psychedelics and opioid use disorder in a nationally-representative U.S. adult sample. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 4099. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-08085-4
36.
JovanovićV.LazićM.Gavrilov-JerkovićV. (2020). Measuring life satisfaction among psychiatric patients: Measurement invariance and validity of the satisfaction with life scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(3), 378–383. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2434
37.
KahanaE.BhattaT. R.KahanaB.LekhakN. (2021). Loving others: The impact of compassionate love on later-life psychological well-being. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), 391–402. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa188
38.
KangaslampiS. (2023). Association between mystical-type experiences under psychedelics and improvements in well-being or mental health – A comprehensive review of the evidence. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(1), 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00243
39.
KhubsingR. S. I.LeerdamM. v.HaijenE. C. H. M.KuypersK. P. C. (2024). Self-rated effectiveness of ayahuasca and breathwork on well-being, psychological resilience, self-compassion, and personality: An observational comparison study. Psychoactives, 3(2), 167–183. https://doi.org/10.3390/psychoactives3020011
40.
KimJ.KimJ.KimY. (2021). Compassionate love and dispositional forgiveness: Does compassionate love predict dispositional forgiveness?Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 23(2), 158–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/19349637.2020.1739598
41.
KoK.KnightG.RuckerJ. J. H.CleareA. J. (2022). Psychedelics, mystical experience, and therapeutic efficacy: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, Article 917199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.917199
42.
KoplandM. C. G.VrabelK.LandtM. S.HoffartA.JohnsonS. U.GiltayE. J. (2025). Network dynamics of self-compassion, anxiety, and depression during eating disorder therapy. European Eating Disorders Review, 33(1), 35–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.3121
43.
KumlanderS.LahtinenO.TurunenT.SalmivalliC. (2018). Two is more valid than one, but is six even better? The factor structure of the self-compassion scale (SCS). PLoS One, 13(12), Article e0207706. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207706
44.
LathrenC. R.RaoS. S.ParkJ.BluthK. (2021). Self-compassion and current close interpersonal relationships: A scoping literature review. Mindfulness, 12(5), 1078–1093. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01566-5
45.
LeeE. E.GovindT.RamseyM.WuT. C.DalyR.LiuJ.TuX. M.PaulusM. P.ThomasM. L.JesteD. V. (2021). Compassion toward others and self-compassion predict mental and physical well-being: A 5-year longitudinal study of 1090 community-dwelling adults across the lifespan. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 397. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01491-8
46.
LópezA.SandermanR.RanchorA. V.SchroeversM. J. (2018). Compassion for others and self-compassion: Levels, correlates, and relationship with psychological well-being. Mindfulness, 9(1), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0777-z
47.
MacBethA.GumleyA. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
48.
MaherJ. P.PincusA. L.RamN.ConroyD. E. (2015). Daily physical activity and life satisfaction across adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 51(10), 1407–1419. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000037
49.
MaraldiE. O.TavesA.MollJ.HartleL.Moreira-de-OliveiraM. E.BortoliniT.FischerR. (2024). Nonordinary experiences, well-being and mental health: A systematic review of the evidence and recommendations for future research. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(1), 410–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01875-8
50.
Matos-PinaI.OliveiraS.FerreiraC. (2023). The contribution of the components of self-compassion and self-judgment in depressive symptomatology and psychological health in patients with chronic physical disease. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 28(6), 1572–1581. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2022.2151714
51.
MilesJ.ShevlinM. (2000). Applying regression and correlation: A guide for students and researchers. SAGE Publications.
52.
MillardL. A.WanM. W.SmithD. M.WittkowskiA. (2023). The effectiveness of compassion focused therapy with clinical populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 326, 168–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.010
53.
MillerJ. G.KahleS.LopezM.HastingsP. D. (2015). Compassionate love buffers stress-reactive mothers from fight-or-flight parenting. Developmental Psychology, 51(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038236
54.
NayakS. M.JacksonH.SepedaN. D.MathaiD. S.SoS.YaffeA.ZakiH.BrasherT. J.LoweM. X.JollyD. R. P.BarrettF. S.GriffithsR. R.StricklandJ. C.JohnsonM. W.JacksonH.Garcia-RomeuA. (2023). Naturalistic psilocybin use is associated with persisting improvements in mental health and wellbeing: results from a prospective, longitudinal survey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, Article 1199642. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1199642
55.
NeffK. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
NeffK. D.SeppäläE. M. (2016). Compassion, well-being, and the hypo-egoic self. In BrownK. W.LearyM. R. (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.13
58.
NicholsD. E.JohnsonM. W.NicholsC. D. (2017). Psychedelics as medicines: An emerging new paradigm. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 101(2), 209–219. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.557
59.
NooraniT.Garcia-RomeuA.SwiftT. C.GriffithsR. R.JohnsonM. W. (2018). Psychedelic therapy for smoking cessation: Qualitative analysis of participant accounts. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 32(7), 756–769. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881118780612
60.
PagniB. A.HalmanA.SarrisJ.ChenhallR.BogenschutzM. P.PerkinsD. (2025). Long-term mental health and wellbeing outcomes associated with naturalistic ayahuasca consumption. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2025.2465800
61.
PahnkeW. N.RichardsW. A. (1966). Implications of LSD and experimental mysticism. Journal of Religion and Health, 5, 175–208. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01532646
62.
PhillipsW. J.HineD. W. (2021). Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviors: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 15(1), 113–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872
63.
PileckiB.LuomaJ.LearK. M. (2024). A pilot study of the effect of group-administered psilocybin on psychological flexibility and outcomes. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 8(2), 211–218. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2024.00295
64.
PotsW.ChakhssiF. (2022). Psilocybin-assisted compassion focused therapy for depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 812930. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.812930
65.
RaisonC. L.SanacoraG.WoolleyJ.HeinzerlingK.DunlopB. W.BrownR. T.KakarR.HassmanM.TrivediR. P.RobisonR.GukasyanN.NayakS. M.HuX.O’DonnellK. C.KelmendiB.SloshowerJ.PennA. D.BradleyE.KellyD. F.. . . GriffithsR. R. (2023). Single-dose psilocybin treatment for major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 330(9), 843–853. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.14530
66.
Rindt-HoffmanS.KernesJ. L.BuiN. H. (2019). Attachment style, spirituality, and compassionate love among mental health professionals. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 41(2), 112–126. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.41.2.02
67.
RosemanL.HaijenE.Idialu-IkatoK.KaelenM.WattsR.Carhart-HarrisR. (2019). Emotional breakthrough and psychedelics: Validation of the Emotional Breakthrough Inventory. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 33(9), 1076–1087. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881119855974
68.
RossS.BossisA.GussJ.Agin-LiebesG.MaloneT.CohenB.MennengaS. E.BelserA.KalliontziK.BabbJ.SuZ.CorbyP.SchmidtB. L. (2016). Rapid and sustained symptom reduction following psilocybin treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 30(12), 1165–1180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881116675512
69.
RuffellS. G. D.NetzbandN.TsangW.DaviesM.ButlerM.RuckerJ. J. H.TófoliL. F.DempsterE. L.YoungA. H.MorganC. J. A. (2021). Ceremonial ayahuasca in Amazonian retreats-mental health and epigenetic outcomes from a six-month naturalistic study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, Article 687615. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.687615
70.
SampedroF.de la Fuente RevengaM.ValleM.RobertoN.Domínguez-ClavéE.ElicesM.LunaL. E.CrippaJ. A. S.HallakJ. E. C.de AraujoD. B.FriedlanderP.BarkerS. A.ÁlvarezE.SolerJ.PascualJ. C.FeildingA.RibaJ. (2017). Assessing the psychedelic “after-glow” in ayahuasca users: Post-acute neurometabolic and functional connectivity changes are associated with enhanced mindfulness capacities. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 20(9), 698–711. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyx036
71.
SchlagA. K.AdayJ.SalamI.NeillJ. C.NuttD. J. (2022). Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 36(3), 258–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069100
72.
SimonssonO.HendricksP. S.ChambersR.OsikaW.GoldbergS. B. (2023). Prevalence and associations of challenging, difficult or distressing experiences using classic psychedelics. Journal of Affective Disorders, 326, 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.073
73.
SimonssonO.SextonJ. D.HendricksP. S. (2021). Associations between lifetime classic psychedelic use and markers of physical health. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 35(4), 447–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881121996863
74.
SlivjakE. T.KirkA.ArchJ. J. (2023). The psychophysiology of self-compassion. In Finlay-JonesA.BluthK.NeffK. (Eds.), Handbook of self-compassion (pp. 291–307). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_17
75.
SprecherS.FehrB. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22(5), 629–651. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407505056439
76.
SprecherS.ZimmermanC.FehrB. (2014). The influence of compassionate love on strategies used to end a relationship. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(5), 697–705. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513517958
77.
StaceW. T. (1960). Mysticism and philosophy. Macmillan.
78.
TrompetterH. R.de KleineE.BohlmeijerE. T. (2017). Why does positive mental health buffer against psychopathology? An exploratory study on self-compassion as a resilience mechanism and adaptive emotion regulation strategy. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 459–468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0
79.
UnderwoodL. G. (2008). Compassionate love: A framework for research. In FehrB.SprecherS.UnderwoodL. G. (Eds.), The science of compassionate love: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 3–25). Wiley-Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444303070.ch1
80.
VerhaeghenP. (2024). Thriving in openness, care, and compassion: How virtue and compassion for self and others relate to flourishing. Journal of Happiness Studies, 25, 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00725-y
81.
WeissB.RosemanL.GiribaldiB.DemetriouL.NourM. M.DayC. M.MurphyR.YoungA. H.NuttD. J.Carhart-HarrisR. L. (2024). Unique psychological mechanisms underlying psilocybin therapy versus escitalopram treatment in the treatment of major depressive disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 22, 806–841. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-024-01253-9
82.
WiepkingP.van SchieS.LammertsR. (2023). The potential of psilocybin use to enhance well-being in healthy adults. Journal of Psychedelic Studies, 7(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1556/2054.2023.00244
83.
WillerE. K. (2014). Health-care provider compassionate love and women’s infertility stressors. Communication Monographs, 81(4), 407–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.940591
84.
WilliamsJ. D.MurphyP. N. (2025). Psychological effects related to psychedelic substance use in the previous 12 months. European Journal of Psychology Open, 84(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.1024/2673-8627/a000081
85.
YadenD. B.Le NguyenK. D.KernM. L.BelserA. B.EichstaedtJ. C.IwryJ.SmithM. E.WinteringN. A.HoodR. W.NewbergA. B. (2017). Of roots and fruits: A comparison of psychedelic and nonpsychedelic mystical experiences. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(4), 338–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167816674625
ZeifmanR. J.DaniasG.Agin-LiebesG.PagniB.KettnerH.BhatV.RossS.ErritzoeD.Carhart-HarrisR. L. (2025). Psychedelic therapy, positive emotional experiences, and the central role of self-compassion. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7420529/v1
88.
ZessinU.DickhäuserO.GarbadeS. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340–364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
89.
ZhouK.de WiedD.Carhart-HarrisR. L.KettnerH. (2025). Prediction of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder and thought disturbance symptoms following psychedelic use. PNAS Nexus, 4(4), Article pgae560. https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae560
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
