The concept of tolerance has been idealized and abstracted from its historical pedigree and the actual experience of tolerating, and a growing number of scholars are dissatisfied with tolerance as a value for the contemporary age; they call for a movement beyond tolerance. A hermeneutical approach and a phenomenological approach were used to explicate 63 written descriptions and 7 interviews, respectively, of experiences that involved tolerating another followed by a change in perception and positive experience of that same person. The findings convey two main forms of changes in perception beyond tolerance related to giving to the other or receiving from the other. The general structure of the experience is described in terms of before and after a discontinuous revelation of the other, and some implications are considered.
AfdalG. (2006). Tolerance and curriculum: Religious diversity of education in Europe (Vol. 2). New York, NY: Wasmann Munster.
2.
AllportG. (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
3.
BanduraA. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193-209.
4.
BejczyI. (1997). Tolerantia: A medieval concept. Journal of the History of Ideas, 58, 365-384.
5.
BienT. H. (2004). Quantum change and psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 493-501.
6.
BuberM. (1970). I and thou (KaufmanW., Trans.). New York, NY: Touchstone.
7.
BudziszewskiJ. (1992). True tolerance. New Brunswick, Canada: Transaction.
8.
CollinsL. M. (2006). Analysis of longitudinal data: The integration of theoretical model, temporal design, and statistical model. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 505-528.
9.
ConyersA. J. (2001). The long truce: How toleration made the world safe for power and profitDallas, TX: Spence.
10.
CrockerJ.WeberR. (1983). Cognitive structure and stereotype change. In BagozziR. P.TyboutA. M. (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 10, pp. 459-463). Duluth, MN: Association for Consumer Research.
11.
DillonJ. J. (2011). Psychology and spiritual life writing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39, 137-153.
12.
EisenbergN.HuertaS.EdwardsA. (2012). Relations of empathy-related responding to children’s and adolescents’ social competence. In DecetyJ. (Ed.), Empathy (pp. 147-161). Cambridge: MIT Press.
GaertnerS. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Ann Arbor, MI: Taylor & Francis.
15.
GaertnerS. L.DovidioJ. F. (2012). Common ingroup identity model. In ChristieD. J. (Ed.), The encyclopedia of peace psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 163-167). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
16.
GilbertD. T.MaloneP. S. (1995). The correspondence bias. Psychological bulletin, 117(1), 21.
17.
GiorgiA. (2009). The descriptive phenomenological method in psychology: A modified Husserlian approach. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
18.
HallingS. (2008). Intimacy, transcendence, and psychology. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
19.
HarmanG. (1999, January). Moral philosophy meets social psychology: Virtue ethics and the fundamental attribution error. In Proceedings of the Aristotelian society (pp. 315-331). Aristotelian Society.
20.
HayesA. M.LaurenceauJ.FeldmanG.StraussJ. L.CardaciottoL. (2007). Change is not always linear: The study of nonlinear and discontinuous patterns of change in psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, 715-723.
21.
HeydD. (1996). Toleration: An elusive virtue. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22.
HusserlE. (2001). Analyses concerning passive and active synthesis: Lectures on transcendental logic (SteinbockA., Trans.). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic.
23.
JazaieriH.McGonigalK.JinpaT.DotyJ. R.GrossJ. J.GoldenP. R. (2014). A randomized controlled trial of compassion cultivation training: Effects on mindfulness, affect, and emotion regulation. Motivation and Emotion, 38, 23-35. doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9368-z
24.
KvaleS. (1996). Interview: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
25.
LegetC.OlthuisG. (2007). Compassion as a basis for ethics in medical education. Journal of Medical Ethics, 33, 617-620.
26.
LévinasE. (1969). Totality and infinity. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
27.
LévinasE. (1985). Ethics and infinity. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
NapolitanD. A.GoethalsG. R. (1979). The attribution of friendliness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 15(2), 105-113.
36.
NewmanJ. (1978). The idea of religious tolerance. American Philosophical Quarterly, 14, 187-195.
37.
OliverD. G.SerovichJ. M.MasonT. L. (2005). Constraints and opportunities with interview transcription: Towards reflection in qualitative research, Social Forces, 84, 1273-1289.
38.
PenceG. E. (1983). Can compassion be taught?Journal of Medical Ethics, 9(4), 189-191.
QuellerS.SmithE. R. (2002). Subtyping versus bookkeeping in stereotype learning and change: Connectionist simulations and empirical findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 300-313.
RothbartM. (1981). Memory processes and social beliefs. In HamiltonD. L. (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 145-182). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
46.
SherifM.HarveyO. J.WhiteB. J.HoodW. R.SherifC. W. (1961). The robbers cave experiment: Intergroup conflict and cooperation. Norman: University to Oklahoma.
47.
SkalskiJ. E. (2017). The historical evolution of tolerance the experience of tolerating, and the face of the other. The Humanistic Psychologist, 45, 62-70. doi:10.1037/hum0000050
48.
StephanW. G.FinleyK. (2002). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729-743.
49.
StetsonB.ContiJ. G. (2005). The truth about tolerance: Pluralism, diversity and the culture wars. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity.
50.
United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1995). Declaration of principles on tolerance: Adopted by the General Conference of UNESCO at its twenty-eight session in Paris. Retrieved from http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001518/151830eo.pdf
51.
WalshamA. (2006). Charitable hatred. New York, NY: Manchester University.
52.
WarnerC. T. (2013). Oxford papers. Farmington, UT: Arbinger. (Original work published 1997)
53.
WertzF. J.CharmazK.McMullenL. M.JosselsonR.AndersonR.McSpaddenE. (2011). Five ways of doing qualitative analysis: Phenomenological psychology, grounded theory, discourse analysis, narrative research, and intuitive. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
54.
ZahaviD. (2001). Beyond empathy: Phenomenological approaches to intersubjectivity. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 8(5-6), 151-167.
55.
ZahaviD. (2010). Empathy, embodiment and interpersonal understanding: From Lipps to Schutz. Inquiry, 53, 285-306. doi:10.1080/00201741003784663
