Being the Soul-Freeing Substance: A Legacy of Hope in Afro Humanity

Allen H. (1989). “Hip-hop madness.” Essence, 19(April), 79–80+.

Anderson E. (1989). What would we do if we really loved the students ? In Berry G. , & Asamen G. (Eds.), Black students: Psychosocial issues and academic achievement (pp. 218–242). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Angelou M. (1990). I shall not be moved. New York: Random House.

Asante M. K. (1989, February). Build lessons from students' heritage. New Jersey Education Association Review, pp. 21–22.

Baldwin J. (1988). A talk to teachers. In Simonson R. , & Walker S. (Eds.), The Graywolf Annual five. Multicultural literacy: The opening of the American mind (pp. 3–12). St. Paul: Graywolf Press.

Banks J. (1984). Teaching strategies for ethnic studies (3rd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bell D. (1987). And we are not saved: The elusive quest for racial justice. New York: Basic Books.

Bennett C. (1986). Comprehensive multicultural education: Theory and practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Bernal M. (1987). Black Athena: The Afro-Asiatic roots of classical civilization (Vol. I). London: Free Association Books.

Black Brazilians' torture by local police cited by Amnesty International. (1990, July 16). Jet, 78(14), 37.

Bloom A. (1987). The closing of the American mind. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Boggs G. L. (1974). Education: The great obsession. In Institute of the Black World (Ed.), Education and Black struggle (pp. 61–81). Harvard Education Review Monograph 2.

Boggs J. , Boggs G. (1978). Conversations in Maine. Boston: South End Press.

Burtonwood N. (1986). The concept of culture in educational studies. Philadelphia: NFER-Nelson.

Busia A. (1989). What is your nation? In Wall C. A. (Ed.), Changing our own words: Essays on criticism, theory and writing by Black women (pp. 196–211). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Carby H. (1982). Schooling in Babylon. In Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (Ed.), The empire strikes back: Race and racism in 70s Britain (pp. 183–211). London: Hutchinson.

Clark S. , & Brown C. (1986). Ready from within. Navarro, CA: Wild Trees Press.

Clark V. (1989, May). Performing the memory of difference in Afro-Caribbean dance: Katherine Dunham's choreography, 1938–1987. Paper presented at the Dunham Symposium, Stanford University.

Clarke J. H. (1988). Social studies African-American baseline essay. In Portland Public Schools (Ed.), African-American baseline essays (pp. SS1–85). Portland, Oregon.

Collier R. (1990, June 13). Medellin drug war's grim toll. San Francisco Chronicle, Briefing, p. 5.

Cone J. H. (1986). A Black theology of liberation. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.

Cruse H. (1987). Plural but equal: Blacks and minorities in America's plural society. New York: William Morrow.

de Beauvoir S. (1966). Les belles images (P. O'Brian, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Schoenhof.

Diop C. A. (1974). The African origin of civilization: Myth or reality? New York: Lawrence Hill.

Drake S. C. (1987). Black folk here and there (Vol. I). Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Center for Afro-American Studies.

Du Bois W. E. B. (1935). Does the Negro need separate schools? Journal of Negro Education, 4, 329–335.

Du Bois W. E. B. (1965). The world and Africa. New York: International Publishers.

Evans M. (1970). Speak the truth to the people. In I am a Black woman (pp. 91–92). New York: William Morrow.

Freire P. , & Faundez A. (1989). Learning to question: A pedagogy of liberation. New York: Continuum.

Giroux H. , & Simon R. (1988). Ideology, popular culture and pedagogy. Curriculum & Teaching, 3, 3–8.

Gollnick D. , & Chinn P. (1990). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Gordon B. (1985). Toward emancipation in citizenship education: The case for African-American cultural knowledge. Theory and Research in Social Education, 12, 1–23.

Hale-Benson J. (1982). Black children: Their roots, culture and learning style (rev. ed.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

Hancock L. (1990, April 24). Whose America is this, anyway? Village Voice, pp. 37–39.

Harding V. (1974). The vocation of the Black scholar and the struggles in the Black community. In Institute of the Black World (Ed.), Education and Black struggle (pp. 3–29). Harvard Education Review Monograph 2.

Harding V. (1990). Hope and history. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.

Hirsch E. D. (1987). Cultural literacy: What every American should know. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Hodge J. , Struckmann D. , & Trost L. (1975). Cultural bases of racism and group oppression. Berkeley, CA: Two Riders Press.

Irvine J. (1990). Black parents' perceptions of their children's desegregated school experiences. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston.

James C. L. R. (1970). The Atlantic slave trade and slavery: Some interpretations of their significance in the development of the United States and the Western world. In Williams J. A. , & Harris C. (Eds.), Amistad 1 (pp. 119–164). New York: Vintage Books.

Jefferson T. (1972). Notes on the state of Virginia. ( Peden W. , Ed.; work originally published 1787). New York: Norton.

Jordan J. (1988). Nobody mean more to me than you and the future life of Willie Jordan. Harvard Education Review, 58, 363–374.

Kareem A. (1989). The war we must win. Stockton, CA: Academy for Human Development.

King J. (1987). Black student alienation and Black teachers' emancipatory pedagogy. Journal of Black Reading and Language Education, 3, 3–13.

King J. , & Ladson-Billings G. (1990). Dysconscious racism and multicultural illiteracy: The closing of the American mind. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Boston.

King J. , & Ladson-Billings G. (1991). The teacher education challenge in elite university settings. European Journal of Intercultural Studies, 1(2), 15–30.

King J. , & Mitchell C. (1990). Black mothers to sons: Juxtaposing African American literature with social practice. New York: Peter Lang Publishers.

Ladson-Billings G. , & King J. (in press). Cultural identity of African-Americans: Implications for achievement. Aurora, CO: Mid-Continental Regional Educational Laboratory.

LaLonde M. (1990, May 18). Change stance in shooting row, Black groups tell Toronto police. Toronto Globe and Mail, p. A9.

Lanker B. (1989). I dream a world: Portraits of Black women who changed America. New York: Stewart, Tabari & Chang.

Leacock E. (1982). The influence of teacher attitudes on children's performance: Case studies. In Borman K. (Ed.), The social life of children in a changing society (pp. 47–64). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Leakey M. (1984). Disclosing the past: An autobiography. New York: Doubleday.

Leo J. (1989, November 27). Teaching history the way it happened. U.S. News & World Report, p. 73.

Marable M. (1990, May). Toward Black American empowerment: Violence and resistance in the African-American community in the 1990s. African Commentary, pp. 16–21.

Moog C. (1990). Are they selling her lips? Advertising and identity. New York: William Morrow.

Mudimbe V. Y. (1988). The invention of Africa: Gnosis, philosophy and the order of knowledge. Bloomington: University of Indiana Press.

Nash G. , & Weiss R. (1970). The great fear. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Nyerere J. (1966). Freedom and unity/uhuru na umoja. Dar es Salaam: Oxford University Press.

Nyerere J. (1974). Education. In Institute of the Black World (Ed.), Education and Black struggle (pp. 100–105). Harvard Education Review Monograph 2.

Pai Y. (1990). Cultural foundations of education. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Pasteur A. , & Toldson I. (1982). Roots of soul: The psychology of Black expressiveness. Garden City, NY: Anchor/Doubleday.

Pieterse J. (1990). White on black: Notes for the exhibition of images of Africa and Blacks in the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam (NL). Journal of Ethnic Studies, 18, 93–109.

Porteres R. , & Barrau J. (1981). Origins, development and expansion of agriculture. In Ki-zerbo J. (Ed.), UNESCO general history of Africa (Vol. I, pp. 187–705). Berkeley: University of California Press.

Prager J. (1982). American racial ideology as collective representation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 5, 99–119.

Ramirez P. (1990, May 7). Students feel unprepared for life in a multicultural society. San Francisco Examiner, p. A1+.

Ravitch D. (1990). Diversity and democracy. The American Educator, 14, 16–20, 46–48.

Ravitch D. , & Finn C. (1987). What do our 17-year-olds know! New York: Harper & Row.

Richards D. (1985). The implications of American-American spirituality. In Asante M. K. , & Asante K. W. (Eds.), African culture: The rhythms of unity (pp. 207–231). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Rufino dos Santos J. (1989). Literatura e crianca: I encontro local do programa quanta vale uma crianca Negra? Rio de Janeiro: ISER.

Salley C. , & Behm R. (1988). What color is your God? Black consciousness and the Christian faith. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.

Semaj L. (1985). Afrikanity, cognition and extended self-identity. In Spencer M. (Eds.), Beginnings: Social and affective development of Black children (pp. 173–183). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Sleeter C. , & Grant C. (1988). Making choices for multicultural education: Five approaches to race, class and gender. Columbus, OH: Merrill.

Stowe H. B. (1981). Uncle Tom's cabin. New York: New American Library.

Strickland W. L. (1974). Identity and Black struggle: Personal reflections. In Institute of the Black World (Ed.), Education and Black struggle (pp. 137–143). Harvard Education Review Monograph 2.

Stuckey S. (1972). Through the prism of folklore. In Chapman A. (Ed.), New Black voices (pp. 439–457). New York: New American Library.

Stuckey S. (1987). Slave culture. New York: Oxford University Press.

Terkel S. (1988). The great divide: Second thoughts on the American dream. New York: Avon Books.

Trout D. (1988). I-Fresh. California Tomorrow, 3, 38–41.

White M. (1987). We are family!: Kinship and solidarity in the Black community. In Gay G. , & Baber W. L. (Eds.), Expressively Black (pp. 17–34). New York: Praeger.

Wilson T. L. (1972). Notes toward a process of Afro-American education. Harvard Education Review, 42, 374–389.

Wilson T. L. (1980). Let's join hands for human understanding. Journal of Childhood Education, 56, 130–39.

Woodson C. G. (1933). The mis-education of the Negro. Washington, DC: Associated Publishers.

Wynter S. (1984). The ceremony must be found: After humanism. In Spanos W. V. (Ed.), On humanism and the university 1: The discourse on humanism. Boundary/2, 12(3)/13(1), 19–61. Binghamton: State University of New York.

Wynter S. (1990, Autumn). Beyond the word of man: Glissant and the new discourse of the Antilles. World Literature Today, pp. 637–647.