New Literacies: A Dual-Level Theory of the Changing Nature of Literacy,Instruction,and Assessment

Afflerbach P. (2007). Understanding and using reading assessment. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Afflerbach P. A. , & Cho B. Y. (2008). Identifying and describing constructively responsive comprehension strategies in new and traditional forms of reading. In Israel S. , & Duffy G. (Eds.), Handbook of reading comprehension research (pp. 69–90). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Afflerbach P. A. , & Cho B. Y. (2010). Determining and describing reading strategies: Internet and traditional forms of reading. In Waters H. S. , & Schneider W. (Eds.), Metacognition, strategy use, and instruction (pp. 201–255). New York: Guilford.

American Association of School Librarians. (2007). Standards for the 21st-century learner. Retrieved from www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/aasl/guidelinesandstandards/learningstandards/standards.cfm

Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority. (n.d.). The Australian Curriculum (Version 1.2). Retrieved from www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/Home

Becta (2003). What the research says about barriers to the use of ICT in teaching. Retrieved October 29, 2012 from www.mmiweb.org.uk/publications/ict/Research_Barriers_TandL.pdf

Bennett R. E. , Persky H. , Weiss A. R. , & Jenkins F. (2007). Problem solving in technology-rich environments: A report from the NAEP technology-based assessment project. Retrieved from nces.ed.gov/pubsearch/pubsinfo.asp?pubid=2007466

Bennett S. , Maton K. , & Kervin L. (2008). The digital natives debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 31(9), 775–786.

Bilal D. (2000). Children's use of the Yahooligans! Web search engine: Cognitive, physical, and affective behaviors on fact-based search tasks. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 51(7), 646–665. doi:10.1002/(SICI)10974571(2000)51:7<646::AID-ASI7>3.0.CO;2-A

Boyarin J. (Ed.). (1993). The ethnography of reading. Berkeley: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/california/9780520079557.001.0001

Bråten I. , Strømsø H. I. , & Britt M. A. (2009). Trust matters: Examining the role of source evaluation in students’ construction of meaning within and across multiple texts. Reading Research Quarterly, 44(1), 6–28. doi:10.1598/RRQ.44.1.1

Bråten I. , Strømsø H. I. , & Salmerón L. (2011). Trust and mistrust when students read multiple information sources about climate change. Learning and Instruction, 21(2), 180–192. doi: 10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.02.002

Britt M. A. , & Gabrys G. L. (2001). Teaching advanced literacy skills for the World Wide Web. In Wolfe C. R. (Ed.), Learning and teaching on the World Wide Web (pp. 73–90). San Diego, CA: Academic. doi:10.1016/B978-012761891-3/50007-2

Broch E. (2000). Children's search engines from an information search process perspective. School Library Media Research, 3. Retrieved from www.ala.org/arasl/aaslpubsandjournals/slmrb/slmrcontents/volume32000/childrens

Callow J. (2010). Spot the difference: The changing nature of page-based and screen-based texts. Screen Education, 58, 106–110.

Cammack D. (2002). Literacy, technology, and a room of her own: Analyzing adolescent girls’ online conversations from historical and technological literacy perspectives. In Shallert D. , Fairbanks C. , Worthy J. , Maloch B. , & Hoffman J. (Eds.), Fifty-first yearbook of the National Reading Conference (pp. 129–141). Chicago: National Reading Conference.

Canavilhas J. (n.d.). Web journalism: From the inverted pyramid to the tumbled pyramid. Retrieved from www.bocc.ubi.pt/pag/canavilhas-joao-inverted-pyramid.pdf

Castek J. (2008). How do 4th and 5th grade students acquire the new literacies of online reading comprehension? Exploring the contexts that facilitate learning. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Castek J. , & Coiro J. (2010, April). Measuring online reading comprehension in open networked spaces: Challenges, concerns, and choices. Alternative poster session presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Denver, CO.

Castek J. , Zawilinski L. , McVerry G. , O'Byrne I. , & Leu D. J. (2011). The new literacies of online reading comprehension: New opportunities and challenges for students with learning difficulties. In Wyatt-Smith C. , Elkins J. , & Gunn S. (Eds.), Multiple perspectives on difficulties in learning literacy and numeracy (pp. 91–110). New York: Springer.

Center for Media Literacy. (2005). Literacy for the 21st century: An overview and orientation guide to media literacy education. Part 1 of the CML medialit kit: Framework for learning and teaching in a media age. Retrieved from www.medialit.org/cml-medialit-kit

Cho B.-Y. (2010, December 3). A study of adolescents’ constructive strategy use in a critical Internet reading task. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Literacy Research Association, Fort Worth, TX.

Churches A. (2009). Bloom's digital taxonomy. Retrieved from edorigami.wikispaces.com/Bloom%27s+Digital+Taxonomy

Clemitt M. (2008). Internet accuracy. CQ Researcher, 18(27), 625–648.

Coiro J. (2003). Reading comprehension on the Internet: Expanding our understanding of reading comprehension to encompass new literacies. The Reading Teacher, 56(5), 458–464.

Coiro J. (2009). Promising practices for supporting adolescents’ online literacy development. In Wood K. D. , & Blanton W. E. (Eds.), Literacy instruction for adolescents: Research-based practice (pp. 442–471). New York: Guilford.

Coiro J. (2011). Predicting reading comprehension on the Internet: Contributions of offline reading skills, online reading skills, and prior knowledge. Journal of Literacy Research, 43(4), 352–392.

Coiro J. , & Castek J. (2010). Assessment frameworks for teaching and learning English language arts in a digital age. In Lapp D. , & Fisher D. (Eds.), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts (3rd ed., pp. 314–321). New York: Routledge.

Coiro J. , Castek J. , & Guzniczak L. (2011). Uncovering online reading comprehension processes: Two adolescents reading independently and collaboratively on the Internet. In Dunston P. J. , Gambrell L. B. , Headley K. , Fullerton S. K. , & Stecker P. M. (Eds.), 60th yearbook of the Literacy Research Association (pp. 354–369). Oak Creek, WI: Literacy Research Association.

Coiro J. , & Dobler E. (2007). Exploring the online comprehension strategies used by sixth-grade skilled readers to search for and locate information on the Internet. Reading Research Quarterly, 42(2), 214–257. doi:10.1598/RRQ.42.2.2

Coiro J. , & Fogleman J. (2011). Capitalizing on Internet resources for content-area teaching and learning. Educational Leadership, 68(5), 34–38.

Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (2008). Central issues in new literacies and new literacies research. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 1–22). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cooper M. (2004). Expanding the digital divide and falling behind on broadband: Why telecommunications policy of neglect is not benign. Washington, DC: Consumer Federation of America. Retrieved from www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/digitaldivide.pdf

Cope B. , & Kalantzis M. (Eds.). (1999). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. New York: Routledge.

Dalton B. , & Proctor P. (2008). The changing landscape of text and comprehension in the age of new literacies. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 297–324). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Diringer D. (1968). The alphabet: A key to the history of mankind. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

Dochy F. , Segers M. , Van den Bossche P. , & Gijbels D. (2003). Effects of problem-based learning: A meta-analysis. Learning and Instruction, 13(5), 533–568. doi:10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00025-7

Eagleton M. (2001). Factors that influence Internet inquiry strategies: Case studies of middle school students with and without learning disabilities. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the National Reading Conference, San Antonio, TX.

Eagleton M. , Guinee K. , & Langlais K. (2003). Teaching Internet literacy strategies: The hero inquiry project. Voices From the Middle, 10(3), 28–35.

Erstad O. (2002). Norwegian students using digital artifacts in project-based learning. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(4), 427–437. doi:10.1046/j.0266-4909.2002.00254.x

Everett-Cacopardo H. (2011). Classrooms without borders: How online collaboration can connect adolescents to literacy and learning around the world. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Fabos B. (2008). The price of information: Critical literacy, education, and today's Internet. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 839–870). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Fabos B. , & Young M. D. (1999). Telecommunications in the classroom: Rhetoric versus reality. Review of Educational Research, 69(3), 217–259.

Federal Trade Commission. (2002, April). Protecting children's privacy under COPPA: A survey on compliance. Retrieved from www.ftc.gov/os/2002/04/coppasurvey.pdf

Fillmore C. (1966). Deictic categories in the semantics of ‘come.’ Foundations of Language, 2(3), 219–227.

Flanagin A. J. , Farinola W. J. , & Metzger M. J. (2000). The technical code of the Internet/ World Wide Web. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 17(4), 409–428. doi:10.1080/15295030009388411

Flanagin A. J. , & Metzger M. J. (2010). An empirical examination of youth, digital media use, and information credibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Gee J. P. (2007a). Good video games and good learning: Collected essays on video games, learning and literacy. New York: Peter Lang.

Gee J. P. (2007b). Social linguistics and literacies: Ideology in discourses. London: Routledge.

Gee J. P. (2007c). What video games have to teach us about learning and literacy (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan. doi:10.1145/950566.950595

Gilster P. (1997). Digital literacy. New York: John Wiley.

Graham L. , & Metaxas P. T. (2003). Of course it's true: I saw it on the Internet! Communications of the ACM, 46(5), 71–75.

Greenhow C. , Robelia B. , & Hughes J. (2009). Web 2.0 and classroom research: What path should we take now? Educational Researcher, 38(4), 246–259. doi:10.3102/0013189X09336671

Guinee K. , Eagleton M. B. , & Hall T. E. (2003). Adolescents’ Internet search strategies: Drawing upon familiar cognitive paradigms when accessing electronic information sources. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 29(3), 363–374. doi:10.2190/HD0A-N15L-RTFH-2DU8

Harper D. (2006). Generation YES (Youth and Educators Succeeding)—Vision to action: Adding student leadership to your technology plan. Retrieved from www.genyes.com/media/programs/how_to_include_students_in_tech_plan.pdf

Hartman D. K. , Morsink P. M. , & Zheng J. (2010). From print to pixels: The evolution of cognitive conceptions of reading comprehension. In Baker E. A. (Ed.), The new literacies: Multiple perspectives on research and practice (pp. 131–164). New York: Guilford.

Henry L. (2006). SEARCHing for an answer: The critical role of new literacies while reading on the Internet. The Reading Teacher, 59(7), 614–627. doi:10.1598/RT.59.7.1

Henry L. A. (2007). Exploring new literacies pedagogy and online reading comprehension among middle school students and teachers: Issues of social equity or social exclusion? Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Hew K. F. , & Brush T. (2007). Integrating technology into K–12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 223–252. doi:10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5

Hirsh S. G. (1999). Children's relevance criteria and information seeking on electronic resources. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 50(14), 1265–1283. doi:10.1002/(SICI)10974571(1999)50:14<1265::AID-ASI2>3.0.CO;2-E

Hmelo-Silver C. E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235–266. doi:10.1023/ B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3.

Hobbs R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. A white paper on the digital and media literacy recommendations of the Knight Commission on the information needs of communities in a democracy. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute. Retrieved from www.knightcomm.org/digital-and-media-literacy/

Hull G. , & Schultz K. (2002). School's out: Bridging out-of-school literacies with classroom practice. New York: Teachers College Press.

Hull G. , Stornaiuolo A. , & Sahni U. (2010). Cultural citizenship and cosmopolitan practice: Global youth communicate online. English Education, 42(4), 331–367.

Hull G. , Zacher J. , & Hibbert L. (2009). Youth, risk, and equity in a global world. Review of Research in Education, 33(1), 117–159. doi:10.3102/0091732X08327746

Illera J. L. R. (1997). De la lectura en papel a la lectura de multimedia [From reading on paper to reading multimedia]. In Fundalectura (Ed.), Lectura y nuevas tecnologías: 3er congresso nacional de lectura [Reading and new technologies: 3rd National Congress of Reading] (pp. 69–88). Bogotá, Colombia: Fundación para el Fomento de la Lectura.

International ICT Literacy Panel. (2002, May). Digital transformation: A framework for ICT literacy. Retrieved from www.ets.org/Media/Tests/Information_and_Communication_Technology_Literacy/ictreport.pdf.

International Reading Association. (2009). New literacies and 21st century technologies (Position statement). Newark, DE: Author. Available from: www.reading.org/General/AboutIRA/PositionStatements/21stCenturyLiteracies.aspx

International Reading Association & National Council of Teachers of English. (2010). Standards for the assessment of reading and writing (Rev. ed.). Newark, DE, & Urbana, IL: Authors. Retrieved from www.reading.org/General/CurrentResearch/Standards/AssessmentStandards.aspx.

Internet World Stats. (2011). Internet users in the world: Distribution by world regions. Retrieved July 1, 2011, from www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm

Jenkins H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York: New York University Press.

Jewitt C. , & Kress G. R. (2003). Multimodal literacy. New York: Peter Lang.

Johnson L. , Levine A. , Smith R. , & Smythe T. (2009). Horizon report: 2009 K–12 edition. Austin, TX: The New Media Consortium.

Jonassen D. H. , Howland J. , Moore J. , & Marra R. M. (2003). Learning to solve problems with technology: A constructivist perspective (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill/Prentice-Hall.

Kaiser Family Foundation. (2005). Generation M: Media in the lives of 8–18 year-olds. Retrieved from www.kff.org/entmedia/7251.cfm

Kiili C. , Laurinen L. , & Marttunen M. (2008). Students evaluating Internet sources: From versatile evaluators to uncritical readers. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 39(1), 75–95. doi:10.2190/EC.39.1.e

Kiili C. , Laurinen L. , Marttunen M. , & Leu D. J. (2011). Working on understanding: Collaborative reading patterns on the Web. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Kinzer C. K. (2010). Considering literacy and policy in the context of digital environments. Language Arts, 88(1), 51–61.

Kinzer C. K. , Hoffman D. L. , Turkay S. , Gunbas N. , & Chantes P. (2011). Exploring motivation and comprehension of a narrative in a video game, book and comic book format. In Dunston P. J. , Gambrell L. B. , Headley K. , Fullerton S. K. , & Stecker P. M. (Eds.), 60th Yearbook of the Literacy Research Association Yearbook (pp. 263–278). Oak Creek, WI: Literacy Research Association.

Kinzer C. K. , Turkay S. , Hoffman D. L. , Gunbas N. , Chantes P. , Chaiwinij A. (in press). Examining the effects of text and images on story comprehension: An eye tracking study of reading in games and comics. In Dunston P. J. , & Fullerton S. K. (Eds.), 61st yearbook of the Literacy Research Association. Chicago: Literacy Research Association

Kinzer C. K. , & Leander K. (2002). Technology and the language arts: Implications of an expanded definition of literacy. In Flood J. , Lapp D. , Squire J. R. , & Jensen J. M. (Eds.), Handbook of research and teaching the English language arts (pp. 546–566). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Kirsch I. , Braun H. , Yamamoto K. , & Sum A. (2007). America's perfect storm: Three forces changing our nation's future. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service. Retrieved from www.ets.org/Media/Research/pdf/PICSTORM.pdf

Kleifgen J. , & Kinzer C. K. (2009). Alternative spaces for education with and through technology. In Varenne H. , & Gordon E. (Eds.), Comprehensive education explorations, possibilities, challenges (pp. 139–186). Lewiston, NY: Ewin Mellen.

Knobel M. , & Wilber D. (2009). Let's talk 2.0. Educational Leadership, 66(6), 20–24.

Kress G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203164754

Kuiper E. (2007). TeachingWeb literacy in primary education. Retrieved from dare.ubvu.vu.nl/bitstream /1871/10836/1/7533.pdf.

Kuiper E. , & Volman M. (2008). The Web as a source of information for students in K–12 education. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 241–246). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Labbo L. (1996). A semiotic analysis of young children's symbol making in a classroom computer center. Reading Research Quarterly, 31(4), 356–385. doi:10.1598/RRQ.31.4.2

Labbo L. , & Kuhn M. (1998). Electronic symbol making: Young children's computer-related emerging concepts about literacy. In Reinking D. , McKenna M. , Labbo L. D. , & Kieffer R. (Eds.), Handbook of literacy and technology: Transformations in a post-typographic world (pp. 79–92). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Labbo L. D. , & Reinking D. (1999). Negotiating the multiple realities of technology in literacy research and instruction. Reading Research Quarterly, 34(4), 478–492. doi:10.1598/RRQ.34.4.5

Lankshear C. , & Knobel M. (2006). New literacies (2nd ed.). Maidenhead, UK: Open University Press.

Lawless K. A. , & Kulikowich J. M. (1996). Understanding hypertext navigation through cluster analysis. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 14(4), 385–399. doi:10.2190/ DVAP-DE23-3XMV-9MXH

Lawless K. A. , Mills R. , & Brown S. W. (2002). Children's hypermedia navigational strategies. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 34(3), 274–284.

Leander K. M. , & Lovvorn J. F. (2006). Literacy networks: Following the circulation of texts, bodies, and objects in the schooling and online gaming of one youth. Cognition and Instruction, 24(3), 291–340. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci2403_1

Lemke J. L. (2002). Travels in hypermodality. Visual Communication, 1(3), 299–325. doi:10.1177/147035720200100303

Leu D. J. Jr. (1997). Caity's question: Literacy as deixis on the Internet. The Reading Teacher, 51(1), 62–67.

Leu D. J. Jr. (2000). Literacy and technology: Deictic consequences for literacy education in an information age. In Kamil M. L. , Mosenthal P. , Pearson P. D. , & Barr R. (Eds.), Handbook of reading research (Vol. 3, pp. 743–770). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Leu D. J. , Castek J. , Hartman D. , Coiro J. , Henry L. , Kulikowich J. (2005). Evaluating the development of scientific knowledge and new forms of reading comprehension during online learning. Final report presented to the North Central Regional Educational Laboratory/Learning Point Associates. Retrieved from www.newliteracies.uconn.edu/ncrel.html

Leu D. J. , Coiro J. , Castek J. , Hartman D. , Henry L. A. , & Reinking D. (2008). Research on instruction and assessment in the new literacies of online reading comprehension. In Block C. C. , & Parris S. (Eds.), Comprehension instruction: Research-based best practices (pp. 321–345). New York: Guilford.

Leu D. J. , Everett-Cacopardo H. , Zawilinski L. , McVerry J. G. , & O'Byrne W. I. (in press). The new literacies of online reading comprehension. In Chapelle C. A. (Ed.), The encyclopedia of applied linguistics. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Leu D. J. , Forzani E. , Burlingame C. , Kulikowich J. , Sedransk N. , Coiro J. (in press). The new literacies of online research and comprehension: Assessing and preparing students for the 21st century with Common Core State Standards. In Neuman S. B. , Gambrell L. B. (Eds.), & C. Massey (Assoc. Ed.), Reading instruction in the age of Common Core Standards. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Leu D. J. Jr. , Karchmer R. , & Leu D. D. (1999). The Miss Rumphius effect: Envisionments for literacy and learning that transform the Internet. The Reading Teacher, 52(6), 636–642.

Leu D. J. Jr. , & Kinzer C. K. (2000). The convergence of literacy instruction and networked technologies for information and communication. Reading Research Quarterly, 35(1), 108–127. doi:10.1598/RRQ.35.1.8

Leu D. J. Jr. , Kinzer C. K. , Coiro J. , & Cammack D. (2004). Toward a theory of new literacies emerging from the Internet and other information and communication technologies. In Ruddell R. B. , & Unrau N. J. (Eds.), Theoretical models and processes of reading (5th ed., pp. 1570–1613). Newark, DE: International Reading Association. doi:10.1598/0872075028.54

Leu D. J. , Kulikowich J. , Sedransk N. , & Coiro J. (2009). Assessing online reading comprehension: The ORCA project. Research grant funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences.

Leu D. J. , McVerry J. G. , O'Byrne W. I. , Kiili C. , Zawilinski L. , Everett-Cacopardo H. (2011). The new literacies of online reading comprehension: Expanding the literacy and learning curriculum. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 55(1), (pp. 5–14). doi:10.1598/ JAAL.55.1.1

Leu D. J. , O'Byrne W. I. , Zawilinski L. , McVerry J. G. , & Everett-Cacopardo H. (2009). Expanding the new literacies conversation. Educational Researcher, 38(4), 264–269. doi:10.3102/0013189X09336676

Leu D. J. , & Reinking D. (2005). Developing Internet comprehension strategies among adolescent students at risk to become dropouts. Research grant funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences.

Leu D. J. , & Reinking D. (2009). Final report: Developing Internet comprehension strategies among poor, adolescent students at risk to become dropouts. Research grant funded by the U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences.

Leu D. J. , Reinking D. , Carter A. , Castek J. , Coiro J. , & Henry L. A. (2007, April 9). Defining online reading comprehension: Using think-aloud verbal protocols to refine a preliminary model of Internet reading comprehension processes. Paper presented at the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.Availablefrom:docs.google.com/Doc?id=dcbjhrtq_10djqrhz

Leu D. J. , Zawilinski L. , Castek J. , Banerjee M. , Housand B. , & Liu Y. (2007). What is new about the new literacies of online reading comprehension? In Rush L. , Eakle J. , & Berger A. (Eds.), Secondary school literacy: What research reveals for classroom practices (pp. 37–68). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Lewis C. , & Fabos B. (2005). Instant messaging, literacies, and social identities. Reading Research Quarterly, 40(4), 470–501. doi:10.1598/RRQ.40.4.5

Lohnes Watulak S. , & Kinzer C. K. (2013). Beyond technology skills: Toward a framework for critical digital literacies in pre-service technology education. In ávila J. , & Pandya J. Z. (Eds.), Critical digital literacies as social praxis: Intersections and challenges (pp. 127–153). New York: Peter Lang.

Manguel A. (1996). A history of reading. New York: Viking.

Mathews M. (1966). Teaching to read: Historically considered. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Matteucci N. , O'Mahony M. , Robinson C. , & Zwick T. (2005). Productivity, workplace performance and ICT: Industry and firmlevel evidence for Europe and the US. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 52(3), 359–386. doi:10.1111/j.0036-9292.2005.00349.x

McDonald S. , & Stevenson R. J. (1996). Disorientation in hypertext: The effects of three text structures on navigation performance. Applied Ergonomics, 27(1), 61–68. doi:10.1016/0003-6870(95)00073-9

McEneaney J. E. , Li L. , Allen K. , & Guzniczak , (2009). Stance, navigation, and reader response in expository hypertext. Journal of Literacy Research, 41(1), 1–45. doi:10.1080/10862960802695081

McKenzie J. (2001). Planning good change with technology and literacy. Bellingham, WA: FNO.

Metzger M. J. , & Flanagin A. J. (Eds.). (2008). Digital media, youth, and credibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Minister of Manitoba Education, Citizenship, and Youth. (2006). A continuum model for literacy with ICT across the curriculum: A resource for developing computer literacy. Retrieved from www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/tech/lict/resources/handbook/index.html

Mishra P. , & Koehler M. J. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017–1054. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x

Murphy S. M. (1986). Children's comprehension of deictic categories in oral and written language. Reading Research Quarterly, 21(2), 118–131. doi:10.2307/747840

National Governors Association Center for Best Practices & Council of Chief State School Officers. (2010). Common Core State Standards for English language arts and literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Washington, DC: Authors.

National Research Council. (2001). Knowing what students know: The science and design of educational assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

New London Group. (1996). A pedagogy of multiliteracies: Designing social futures. Harvard Educational Review, 66(1), 60–92.

New London Group. (2000). Multiliteracies: Literacy learning and the design of social futures. London: Routledge.

O'Brien D. , Beach R. , & Scharber C. (2007). “Struggling” middle schoolers: Engagement and literate competence in a reading writing intervention class. Reading Psychology, 28(1), 51–73. doi:10.1080/02702710601115463

O'Brien D. , & Scharber C. (2008). Digital literacies go to school: Potholes and possibilities. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy, 52(1), 66–68. doi:10.1598/JAAL.52.1.7

O'Byrne W. I. (2011). Facilitating critical evaluation skills through content creation: Empowering adolescents as readers and writers of online information. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

O'Byrne W. I. , & McVerry J. G. (2009). Measuring the dispositions of online reading comprehension: A preliminary validation study. In Leander K. M. , Rowe D. W. , Dickinson D. K. , Hundley M. K. , Jimenez R. T. , & Risko V. J. (Eds.), 58th yearbook of the National Reading Conference Yearbook (pp. 362–375). Oak Creek, WI: National Reading Conference.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2011). PISA 2009 results: Students on line. Digital technologies and performance (Volume VI). Available from dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264112995-en

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development & the Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. (2010). Trends shaping education 2010. Paris: OECD.

Page S. E. (2007). The difference: How the power of diversity creates better groups, firms, schools and societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Penuel W. R. (2006). Implementation and effects of one-to-one computing initiatives: A research synthesis. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(3), 329–348.

Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2001). The Internet and education: Findings of the Pew Internet & American Life Project. Retrieved from www.pewInternet.org/reports

Pew Internet & American Life Project. (2005). Teens and technology. Retrieved from www.pewinternet.org/topics.asp?c=4

Popham W. J. (2009). Assessing student affect. Educational Leadership, 66(8), 85–86.

Reich R. (1992). The work of nations. New York: Vintage.

Rouet J.-F. (2006). The skills of document use: From text comprehension to Webbased learning. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Rouet J.-F. , Ros C. , Goumi A. , Macedo-Rouet M. , & Dinet J. (2011). The influence of surface and deep cues on primary and secondary school students’ assessment of relevance in We b menus. Learning and Instruction, 21(2), 205–219. doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.02.007

Sanchez C. A. , Wiley J. , & Goldman S. R. (2006). Teaching students to evaluate source reliability during Internet research tasks. In Barab S. A. , Hay K. E. , & Hickey D. T. (Eds.), Proceedings of the seventh international conference on the learning sciences (pp. 662–666). Bloomington, IN: International Society of the Learning Sciences.

Saylor P. , & Kehrhahn M. (2003). Teacher skills get an upgrade. Journal of Staff Development, 24(14), 48–53.

Schulz-Zander R. , Büchter A. , & Dalmer R. (2002). The role of ICT as a promoterof students’ cooperation. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 18(4), 438–448. doi:10.1046/j.0266-4909.2002.002.x

Silvernail D. L. , & Buffngton P. J. (2009). Improving mathematics performance, using laptop technology: The importance of professional development for success. Retrieved from www.usm.maine.edu/cepare/pdf/Mathematics_Final_cover.pdf

Silvernail D. L. , & Gritter A. K. (2007). Maine's middle school laptop program: Creating better writers. Gorham: Maine Education Policy Research Institute, University of Southern Maine.

Silvernail D. L. , & Lane D. (2004). The impact on Maine's one-to-one laptop program on middle school teachers and students. Gorham: Maine Education Policy Research Institute, University of Southern Maine.

Smith M. C. , Mikulecky L. , Kibby M. W. , Dreher M. J. , & Dole J. A. (2000). What will be the demands of literacy in the workplace in the next millennium? Reading Research Quarterly, 35(3), 378–383. doi:10.1598/RRQ.35.3.3

Smith N. B. (1965). American reading instruction. Newark, DE: International Reading Association.

Spires H. A. , & Estes T. H. (2002). Reading in Webbased learning environments. In Block C. C. , & Pressley (Eds.), Comprehension instruction: Research-based best practices (pp. 115–125). New York: Guilford.

Spires H. A. , Hervey L. , & Watson T. (2012). Scaffolding the TPACK framework in reading and language arts: New literacies, new minds. In Young C. A. , & Kadjer S. (Eds.), Research on technology in English education (pp. 33–61). Charlotte, NC: Information Age.

Spires H. A. , Zheng M. , & Pruden M. (2011). New technologies, new horizons: Graduate student views on creating their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK). In Moyle K. , & Wijngaards G. (Eds.), Student reactions to learning with technologies: Perceptions and outcomes (pp. 23–41). Hershey, PA: IGI Global.

Squire K. (2008). Open-ended video games: A model for developing learning for the interactive age. In Salen K. (Ed.), The ecology of games: Connecting youth, games, and learning (pp. 167–198). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Squire K. (2011). Video games and learning: Teaching and participatory culture in the digital age. New York: Teachers College Press.

Steinkuehler C. (2006). Massively multiplayer online videogaming as participation in a Discourse. Mind, Culture, and Activity, 13(1), 38–52. doi:10.1207/s15327884mca1301_4

Street B. (1995). Social literacies. London: Longman.

Street B. (2003). What's new in new literacy studies? Current Issues in Comparative Education, 5(2), 1–14.

Sundar S. S. (2008). The MAIN model: A heuristic approach to understanding technology effects on credibility. In Metzger M. J. , & Flanagin A. J. (Eds.), Digital media, youth, and credibility (pp. 73–100). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Sutherland-Smith W. (2002). Weaving the literacy web: Changes in reading from page to screen. The Reading Teacher, 55(7), 662–669.

Taboada A. , & Guthrie J. (2006). Contributions of student questioning and prior knowledge to construction of knowledge from reading information text. Journal of Literacy Research, 38(1), 1–35. doi:10.1207/s15548430jlr3801_1

Tillman H. N. (2003). Evaluating quality on the Net. Retrieved September 14, 2009, from www.hopetillman.com/findqual.html

Traut G. , & Kazzazi K. (1996). Dictionary of language and linguistics. New York: Routledge.

Unsworth L. (2008). Multiliteracies and metalanguage: Describing image/text relations as a resource for negotiating multimodal texts. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 377–405). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

U.S. Department of Commerce, Economic and Statistics Administration & National Telecommunications and Information Administration. (2002). A nation online: How Americans are expanding their use of the Internet. Washington, DC: Author.

van Ark B. , Inklaar R. , & McGuckin R. H. (2003). ICT productivity in Europe and the United States: Where do the differences come from? CESifo Economic Studies, 49(3), 295–318. doi:10.1093/cesifo/49.3.295

Wallace R. M. , Kupperman J. , Krajcik J. , & Soloway E. (2000). Science on the Web: Students on-line in a sixth-grade classroom. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 9(1), 75–104. doi:10.1207/ s15327809jls0901_5

Walsh M. (2010). Multimodal literacy: What does it mean for classroom practice? The Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 33(3), 211–239.

Warschauer M. (2006). Laptops and literacy: Learning in the wireless classroom. New York: Teachers College Press.

Wyatt-Smith C. , & Elkins J. (2008). Multimodal reading and comprehension in online environments. In Coiro J. , Knobel M. , Lankshear C. , & Leu D. J. (Eds.), Handbook of research on new literacies (pp. 899–942). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Zawilinski L. (2011). An exploration of a collaborative blogging approach to literacy and learning: A mixed method study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs.

Zhang S. , & Duke N. K. (2008). Strategies for Internet reading with different reading purposes: A descriptive study of twelve good Internet readers. Journal of Literacy Research, 40(1), 128–162. doi:10.1080/10862960802070491