The earliest moral crusade against opiates occurred in Britain. The Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade (SSOT) was led by Quakers and Protestant missionaries to China who attempted to end the Indo-Chinese opium trade by mobilizing public opinion and agitating in Parliament. In 1893, the anti-opiumists had gained so much political power that they almost ended the trade. However, the British government, by appointing a Royal Commission on Opium (1893–95), managed to delay ending the trade for a dozen years. In 1906, the anti-opiumists and growing international pressure convinced the British to forgo the opium revenue. The moral claims of these anti-opiumists and their agitation against opium provided the basis for modern opium policy.
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12.
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36.
LowesPeter D.1966The Genesis of International Narcotics Control, Geneva, Librarie Droz.
37.
MooreW. J.1882The Other Side of the Opium question, London.
38.
MorrellMichael X.1973“Maintenance of Opiate Dependent Persons in the U.S.: A Legal Medical History,”National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, Second Report, Drug Abuse in America, Appendix IV, 516–553. Washington, D.C.: U.S.G.P.O.
39.
MorseHosea B.1910–1918International Relations of the Chinese Empire, N.Y. (reprint), Paragon Book Gallery.
40.
MustoDavid1973The American Disease: Origins of Narcotics Control, New Haven, Yale University Press.
41.
National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse1973 Second Report, Drug Abuse in America. See Appendix I, 488–871.
42.
National Responsibility1888–1915Organ of the Christian Union for the Severance of the Connection of the British Empire with the Opium Trade, London.
43.
OwenDavid1934British Opium Policy in China and India, New Haven, Yale University Press.
44.
Philippines Commission1905Report of the …, 59th Cong., I Sess. S. Ex. Doc. 265, VI.
45.
RobsonS. E.1916Joshua Rowntree, London, Allen.
46.
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47.
1905The Imperial Drug Trade, London, Methuen (later edition, 1908).
48.
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49.
1894 LX, 583 Vol I - First Report, Hearings in London.
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1894 LXI. 1 Vol II - Second Report, Hearings in India.
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1894 LXI, 673 Vol III - Third Report, Hearings in India.
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1894 LXII, 1 Vol IV - Fourth Report, Hearings in India.
53.
1894 LXII, 531 Vol V - Hearings in India.
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1876The Poppy Plague and England's Curse, TinlingsJ. B.,
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1882The Truth About Opium Smoking, BroomhallB.,
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