We use social learning, self-control, and social disorganization theories to explain substance use among urban adolescents. Using a sample of 2,048 adolescents and young adults from the Project in Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods, we develop and test longitudinal growth models that examine how respondent and neighborhood characteristics relate to rates and changes of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and hard drug use. We find empirical support for social learning and self-control theories in relation to substance use rates, but no support for social disorganization theory. In addition, we find evidence that deviant peers, self-control, and concentrated disadvantage are associated with respondent changes in substance use. We discuss these findings in relation to the three theories that informed our study.
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