The therapeutic community (TC) has become an established treatment approach serving thousands of substance abusers in community, institutional, and other settings. This article summarizes the research that contributed to the acceptance and growth of TCs and laid the groundwork for the establishment of TCs for substance abusers in correctional settings. The TC knowledge base has contributed to the revival of a rehabilitation philosophy in correctional policy, which is described in the second section. The reflections of the authors who have collaborated for about 40 years are provided at the end of the paper.
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