Fracture Surface Characterization of Clinically Failed All-ceramic Crowns

Abstract

The goal of this study was to establish a protocol for the retrieval and fractographic analysis of failed restorations, and to compare the fracture surface features of clinically failed ceramic restorations and with those of controlled laboratory test specimens fabricated from the same materials. Ten fractured Dicor® crowns and 12 fractured Cerestore® crowns were retrieved and analyzed. Optical microscopy of the failed crowns revealed that the critical segments of nine of the 10 (90%) Dicor® crowns and nine of the 12 (75%) Cerestore® crowns were acceptable for fractographic analysis. Twelve disks of each material were fabricated as controls and fractured by bi-axial flexure for analysis of the similarities and/or differences between the fractographic features of fractured clinical crowns and the disks. Each of the 10 Dicor® crowns was observed to fail along the internal surface. For 78% of the Cerestore® crowns, failure initiation occurred at the porcelain/core interface or inside the core material. Critical flaw sizes of the failed Dicor® crowns ranged from 127 to 272 μm. Failure stresses of the Dicor® crowns, estimated by fractographic techniques and fracture mechanics relationships, ranged from 65 to 94 MPa. Estimated failure stresses for two of the Cerestore® crowns which had failure initiation sites in the porcelain layer were 15 and 68 MPa. It is concluded that the fracture initiation sites of dental ceramics are controlled primarily by the location and size of the critical flaw, and not by specimen thickness.