The aim of this cross-over study was to determine the cariogenic potential of starchy food items as between-meal snacks. This was done by measuring demineralization of human enamel and dentin as well as the pH of dental plaque in situ. Eight volunteers with complete dentures carried two enamel and two dentin specimens, mounted in the molar regions of their mandibular prostheses. There were three test periods, each lasting for 21 days, followed in a randomized order: (1) consumption of starchy food products, 12-15 times a day, in addition to the normal diet (starch period); (2) consumption of sucrose products, 12-15 times a day, in addition to the normal diet (sucrose period); and (3) no addition of test products to the normal diet (control period). Both the starch and the sucrose diets increased the demineralization of enamel and dentin compared with the control period. However, only the sucrose period resulted in significant demineralization of dentin compared with the control period. The plaque pH, followed during 60 min after a one-minute mouthrinse with 10% sucrose, was lower at all time points after both the starch and the sucrose periods compared with the control period.
Arends J., Schuthof J., Jongebloed WG (1980). Lesion depth and microhardness indentations on artificial white spot lesions. Caries Res14:190-195.
2.
Arends J., ten Bosch JJ (1986). In vivo de- and remineralization of dental enamel . In: Factors relating to demineralisation and remineralisation of the teeth. Leach SA, editor. Oxford: IRL Press, pp. 1-11.
3.
Arends J., ten Bosch JJ (1992). Demineralization and remineralization evaluation techniques. J Dent Res71(Spec Iss):924-928.
4.
Birkhed D. (1990). Behavioural aspects of dietary habits and dental caries. Caries Res24(Suppl 1):27-35.
5.
Birkhed D., Edwardsson S. (1978). Acid production from sucrose substitutes in human dental health. In: Health and sugar substitutes. Guggenheim B, editor. Basel: Karger, pp. 211-217.
6.
Birkhed D., Skude G. (1978). Relation of amylase to starch and Lycasin® metabolism in human dental plaque in vitro. Scand J Dent Res86:248-258.
7.
Björck I., Asp N.-G, Birkhed D., Lundquist I. (1984a). Effects of processing on availability of starch for digestion in vitro and in vivo. 1. Extrusion cooking of wheat flours and starch. J Cereal Sci2:91-103.
8.
Bjorck I., Asp N.-G, Birkhed D., Eliasson A-C., Sjoberg L-B., Lundquist I. (1984b). Effects of processing on starch availability in vitro and in vivo. 2. Drum-drying of wheat flour. J Cereal Sci2:165-178.
9.
Brudevold F., Goulet D., Tehrani A., Attarzadeh F., van Houte J. (1985). Intraoral demineralization and maltose clearance from wheat starch. Caries Res19:136-144.
10.
Brudevold F., Tehrani A., Attarzadeh F., van Houte J., Russo J. (1983). Enamel demineralization potential of dietary carbohydrates . J Dent Res62:1218-1220.
11.
Dijkman AG, Schuthof J., Arends J. (1986). In vivo remineralization of plaque-induced initial enamel lesions. A microradiographic investigation. Caries Res20:202-208.
12.
Dodds MWJ, Edgar WM (1986). Effects of dietary sucrose levels on pH fall and acid-anion profile in human dental plaque after a starch mouth-rinse. Arch Oral Biol31:509-512.
13.
Edgar WM, Bibby BG, Mundorff S., RowleyJ. (1975). Acid production in plaques after eating snacks: modifying factors in foods. JADA90:418-425.
14.
Emilson CG, Thorselius I. (1988). Prevalence of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in elderly Swedish individuals. Scand J Dent Res96:14-21.
15.
Frostell G. (1969). Dental plaque pH in relation to intake of carbohydrate products. Acta Odontol Scand27:3-28.
16.
Frostell G. (1972). Effect of a cooked starch solution on the pH of dental plaque. Swed Dent J65:161-165.
17.
Grenby TH (1990). Snack foods and dental caries. Investigations using laboratory animals. Br Dent J168:353-361.
18.
Harper DS, Osborn,JC,Hefferren JJ, Muller TP (1985). Dental cariogenic evaluation of foods using human plaque pH and an experimental rat-caries model. Arch Oral Biol30:455-460.
19.
Heintze U., Birkhed D., Björn H. (1983). Secretion rate and buffer effect of resting and stimulated whole saliva as a function of age and sex. Swed Dent J7:227-238.
20.
Herkstroter FM, Witjes M., Ruben J., ArendsJ. (1989). Time dependence of microhardness indentations in human and bovine dentin compared with human enamel. Caries Res23:342-344.
21.
Holm J., Bjorck I. (1988). Effects of thermal processing of wheat on starch. 2. Enzymic availability. J Cereal Sci8:261-268.
22.
Jensen ME, Schachtele CF (1983). The acidogenic potential of reference foods and snacks at interproximal sites in the human dentition. J Dent Res62:889-892.
23.
Koulourides T., Bodden R., Keller S., Manson-Hing L., Lastra J., Housch T. (1976). Cariogenicity of nine sugars tested with an intraoral device in man. Caries Res10:427-441.
24.
Lindquist B., Edward S., Torell P., Krasse B. (1989). Effect of different caries preventive measures in children highly infected with mutans streptococci. Scand J Dent Res97:330-337.
25.
Lingstrom P., Birkhed D. (1993). Plaque-pH and oral retention after consumption of starchy snack products at normal and low salivary secretion rate. Acta Odontol Scand51:379-388.
26.
Lingstrom P., Birkhed D., Granfeldt Y., Bjorck I. (1993b). pH measurements of human dental plaque after consumption of starchy foods using the microtouch and the sampling method . Caries Res27:394-401.
27.
Lingstrom P., Holm J., Birkhed D., Bjorck I. (1989). Effects of variously processed starch on pH of human dental plaque. Scand J Dent Res97:392-400.
28.
Lingstrom P., Imfeld T., Birkhed D. (1993a). Comparison of three diff erent methods for measurement of plaque pH in humans af ter consumption of soft bread and potato chips. J Dent Res72:865-870.
29.
Livsmedelstabeller (1988). Energi och vissa näringsämnen. Statens Livsmedelsverk, Uppsala, Sweden, p. 181 (published in Swedish).
30.
Macpherson LMD, MacFarlane TW, Weetman DA, Stephen KW (1991). Comparison of the plaque microf lora from natural and appliance-borne enamel surfaces. Caries Res25:58-64.
31.
Neff D. ( 1967). Acid production from different carbohydrate sources in human plaque in situ. Caries Res1:78-87.
32.
Newbrun E. (1982). Sugar and dental caries: a review of human studies . Science217:418-423.
33.
Rugg-Gunn AJ (1986). Starchy foods and fresh fruits: their relative importance as a source of dental caries in Britain. Health Education Authority. Paper 3.
34.
Scheie AA, Fejerskov O., Lingstrom P., Birkhed D., Manji F. (1992). Use of palladium touch microelectrodes under field conditions for in vivo assessment of dental plaque pH in children. Caries Res26:44-52.
35.
Sreebny LM (1982). The sugar-caries axis. Int Dent J32:1-12.
36.
Theilade E., Budtz-Jørgensen E., Theilade (1983). Predominant cultivable microf lora of plaque on removable dentures in patients with healthy oral mucosa. Arch Oral Biol28:675-680.
37.
White DJ, Faller RV, Bowman WD (1992). Demineralization and remineralization evaluation techniques-added considerations. J Dent Res71(Spec Iss):929-933.
