The occurrence and distribution ofthe regulatory peptide endothelin in normal and inflamed human dental pulp was studied by immunocytochemistry. Endothelial cells in both normal and inflamed pulp displayed endothelin-like immunoreactivity. Neither pulp cells nor dental nerves were immunoreactive. No significant change in the distribution of endothelin immunoreactivity could be detected in the samples of inflamed pulp tissue, the immunoreactive material being detectable only within the endothelium. However, the intensity of the immunostaining was less intense in the samples of inflamed pulp. It is reasonable to presume that endothelin, produced and released locally by endothelial cells, may participate via a paracrine mechanism in the regulation of blood pressure and flow in normal and pathological human dental tissues.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BYERS, M.R.; TAYLOR, P.E.; KHAYAT, B.G.; and KIMBERLY, C.L. (1990): Effects of Injury and Inflammation on Pulpal and Periapical Nerves, J Endodon 16:78-84, CASASCO, A.; CALLIGARO, A.; CASASCO, M.; SPRINGALL, D.R.; POLAK, J.M.; and MARCHETTI, C.(1991): Immunocytnchemical Evidence for the Presence of Somatostatin-like Immunoreactive Nerves in Human Dental Pulp, J Dent Res 70:87-89.
2.
Casasco, A.; Calligaro, A.; Casasco, M.; Springall, D.R.; Polak, J.M.; Poggi, P.; and Marchetti, C. (1990a): Peptidergic Nerves in Human Dental Pulp. An Immunocytochemical Study, Histochemistry95:115-121.
3.
Casasco, A.; Calligaro, A.; Springall, D.R.; Casasco, M.; Poggi, P.; Valentino, K.L.; and Polak, J.M. (1990b): Neuropeptide K-like Immunoreactivity in Human Dental Pulp, Arch Oral Biol35:33-36.
4.
De Nucci, G.; Thomas, R.; D'Orleans-Juste, P.; Antunes, E.; Walder, C.; Warner, T.D.; and Vane, J.R. (1988): Pressor Effects of Circulating Endothelin are Limited by its Removal in the Pulmonary Circulation and by the Release of Prostacyclin and Endothelium-derived Releasing Factor, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85:9797-9800.
5.
Edwall, B.; Gazelius, B.; Fazekas, A.; Theodorsson-Norheim, E.; and Lundberg, J.M. (1985): Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Sympathetic Control of Blood Flow in Oral Mucosa and Dental Pulp in the Cat, Acta Physiol Scand125:253-264.
6.
Furchgott, R.F. and Zawadzki, J. (1980): The Obligatory Role of Endothelial Cells in the Relaxation of Arterial Smooth Muscle by Acetylcholine, Nature288:373-376.
7.
Gazelius, B.; Edwall, B.; Olgart, T.; Lundberg, J.M.; Hokfelt, T.; and Fischer, J.A. (1987): Vasodilatory Effects and Co-existence of Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide (CGRP) and Substance P in Sensory Nerves in the Cat Dental Pulp, Acta Physiol Scand130:33-40.
8.
Giaid, A.; Gibson, S.J.; Ibrahim, B.N.; Legon, S.; Bloom, S.R.; Yanagisawa, M.; Masaki, T.; Varndell, I.M.; and Polak, J.M. (1989): Endothelin-1, an Endothelium-derived Peptide, is Expressed in Neurons of the Human Spinal Cord and Dorsal Root Ganglia, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA86:7634-7638.
9.
Giaid, A.; Polak, J.M.; Gaitonde, V.; Hamid, Q.A.; Moscoso, G.; Legon, S.; Uwanogho, D.; Roncalli, M.; Shinmi, O.; Sawamura, T.; Kimura, S.; Yanagisawa, M.; Masaki, T.; and Springall, D.R. (1991): The Distribution of Endothelin-like Immunoreactivity and mRNA in the Developing and Adult Human Lung, Am J Resp Cell Molec Biol4:50-58.
10.
Hiroe, M.; Hirata, Y.; Maruno, F.; Nagata, M.; Toyazaki, T.; Hasumi, M.; Ohta, Y.; Horie, T.; and Sekiguchi, M. (1989): Immunohistochemical Localization of Endothelin in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells, Peptides10:1281-1282.
11.
Hsu, S.M.; Raine, L.; and Fanger, H. (1981): Use of Avidin-biotin-peroxidase Complex (ABC) in Immunoperoxidase Techniques: a Comparison Between ABC and Unlabelled Antibody (PAP) Procedures, J Histochem Cytochem29:577-580.
12.
Ishikawa, T.; Yanagisawa, M.; Kimura, S.; Goto, K.; and Masaki, T. (1988): Positive Inotropic Action of Novel Vasoconstrictor Peptide Endothelin on Guinea Pig Atria, Am J Physiol255:H970-H973.
13.
Kim, S. (1990): Neurovascular Interactions in the Dental Pulp in Health and Inflammation, J Endodon16:48-53.
14.
Kimberly, C.L. and Byers, M.R. (1988): Inflammation of Rat Molar Pulp and Periodontium Causes Increased Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide and Axonal Sprouting, Anat Rec222:289-300.
15.
Komuro, I.; Kurihara, H.; Sugiyama, T.; Takaku, F.; and Yazaki, Y. (1988): Endothelin Stimulates c-fos and c-myc Expression and Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, FEBS Lett238:249-252.
16.
MacCumber, M.W.; Ross, C.A.; Glaser, B.M.; and Snyder, S.H. (1989): Endothelin: Visualization of mRNAs by in situ Hybridization Provides Evidence for Local Action, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA86 :7285-7289.
17.
Miyauchi, T.; Tomobe, Y.; Shiba, R.; Ishikawa, T.; Yanagisawa, M.; Kimura, S.; Sugishita, Y.; Ito, I.; Goto, K.; and Masaki, T. (1990): Involvement of Endothelin in the Regulation of Human Vascular Tonus. Potent Vasoconstrictor Effect and Existence in Endothelial Cells, Circulation81:1874-1880.
18.
OLGART, L.M.; EDWALL, B.; and GAZELIUS, B. (1989): Neurogenic Mediators in Control of Pulpal Blood Flow, J Endodon 9:409-412. POWER, R.F.; WHARTON, J.; ZHAO, Y.; BLOOM, S.R.; and POLAK, J.M. (1989): Autoradiographic Localization of Endothelin-1 Binding Sites in the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13 (Suppl 5):S50-S56.
19.
Takuwa, N.; Takuwa, Y.; Yanagisawa, M.; Yamashita, K.; and Masaki, T. (1989): A Novel Vasoactive Peptide Endothelin Stimulates Mitogenesis Through Inositol Lipid Turnover in Swiss 3T3 Fibroblasts, J Biol Chem264:7856-7861.
20.
Uchida, Y.; Ninomiya, H.; Saotome, M.; Nomura, A.; Ohtsuka, M.; Yanagisawa, M.; Goto, K.; Masaki, T.; and Hagesawa, S. (1988): Endothelin, a Novel Vasoconstrictor Peptide, as Potent Bronchoconstrictor, Eur J Pharmacol154:227-228.
21.
Uddman, R.; Bjorlin, G.; Moller, B.; and Sundler, F. (1980): Occurrence of VIP Nerves in Mammalian Dental Pulps , Acta Odontol Scand38:325-328.
22.
Uddman, R.; Grunditz, T.; and Sundler, F. (1984): Neuropeptide Y: Occurrence and Distribution in Dental Pulps, Acta Odontol Scand42:361-365.
23.
Uddman, R.; Grunditz, T.; and Sundler, F. (1986): Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide: a Sensory Transmitter in Dental Pulps?, Scand J Dent Res94:219-224.
24.
Vane, J.R.; Angaard, E.E.; and Botting, R.M. (1990): Regulatory Functions of the Vascular Endothelium , N Engl J Med323:27-36.
25.
Van Noorden, S. (1986): Tissue Preparation and Immunostaining Techniques for Light Microscopy. In: Immunocytochemistry, J.M. Polak and S. Van Noorden, Eds., Bristol: Wright , pp. 26-53.
26.
Wakisaka, S.; Ichikawa, H.; Nishimoto, T.; Matsuo, S.; Yamamoto, K.; Nakata, T.; and Akai, M. (1984): Substance P-like Immunoreactivity in the Pulp-Dentine Zone of Human Molar Teeth Demonstrated by Indirect Immunofluorescence, Arch Oral Biol29 :73-75.
27.
Yanagisawa, M.; Inoue, A.; Ishikawa, T.; Kasuya, Y.; Kimura, S.; Kumagaye, S.-I.; Nakajima, K; Watanabe, T.X.; Sakaklbara, S.; Goto, K.; and Masaki, T. (1988a): Primary Structure, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Rat Endothelin, an Endothelium-derived Vasoconstrictor Peptide, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA85:6964-6967.
28.
Yanagisawa, M.; Kurihara, H.; Kimura, S.; Tomobe, Y.; Kobayashi, M.; Mitsui, Y.; Yazaki, Y.; Goto, K.; and Masaki, T. (1988b): A Novel Potent Vasoconstrictor Peptide Produced by Vascular Endothelial Cells, Nature332:411-415.
29.
Yoshizawa, T.; Shinmi, D.; Giaid, A.; Yanagisawa, M.; Gibson, S.J.; Kimura, S.; Uchiyama, Y.; Polak, J.M.; Masaki, T.; and Kanazawa, I. (1990): Endothelin: a Novel Peptide in the Posterior Pituitary System, Science247:462-464.
