The influence of a pellicle on streptococcal adhesion was studied. A "ripened" two-hour salivary pellicle and an "early" five-minute salivary pellicle were formed on human enamel and artificial solid substrata with varying surface free-energies. Three strains of oral streptococci, also with widely different surface free-energies, were used for adhesion studies. Pellicle formation and streptococcal adhesion took place at a constant shear rate of 21 s-1. Adhesion of S. mitis BMS to bare and pellicle-covered enamel was low and not significantly affected by the presence of a pellicle (0.7 × 106 and 0.6 x 10 6 cells.cm-2, resp.), whereas the numbers of S. sanguis 12 and S. mutans NS adhering to bare enamel (4.2 x 106 cells.cm -2 and 13.8 x 106 cells.cm-2, resp.) were significantly reduced by the presence of a pellicle. This reduction was almost complete after only five minutes of salivary protein adsorption (1. 9 × 106 and 1.1 x 106 cells.cm-2 for S. sanguis and S. mutans, resp.) but further reduced for S. sanguis adhering to a ripened pellicle (0.7 × 106 cells.cm-2). The numbers of streptococci adhering at equilibrium to bare enamel could be fitted to a thermodynamically based model, which was previously described for bacterial adhesion to homogeneous artificial substrata. Streptococcal adhesion to artificial substrata exposed to saliva was low, and the differences among uncoated materials were markedly reduced even after only five minutes' exposure to saliva.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Absolom, D.R.; Lamberti, F.V.; Policova, Z.; Zingg, W.; Van Oss, C.J.; and Neumann, A.W. (1983): Surface Thermodynamics of Bacterial Adhesion, Appl Environ Microbiol46:90-97.
2.
Baier, R.E. (1970): Surface Properties Influencing Cell Adhesion. In: Adhesion in Biological Systems, R.S. Manly, Ed., New York: Academic Press, pp. 15-48.
3.
Baier, R.E. and Weiss, L. (1975): Demonstration of the Involvement of Adsorbed Proteins in Cell Adhesion and Cell Growth on Solid Surfaces, Adv Chem145:300-307.
4.
Bennick, A.; Chau, G.; Goodlin, R.; Abrams, S.; Tustia, D.; and Madapallimatram, G. (1983): The Role of Human Salivary Acidic Proline-rich Proteins in the Formation of Acquired Dental Pellicle in vivo and their Fate after Adsorption to the Human Enamel Surface, Arch Oral Biol28:19-27.
5.
Busscher, H.J. (1985): Surface Free Energies and the Adhesion of Oral Bacteria, Thesis, Groningen: Rijksuniversiteit .
6.
Busscher, H.J.; Weerkamp, A.H.; Van Der Mei, H.C.; Van Pelt, A.W.J.; and De Jong, H.P. (1984): Measurement of the Surface Free Energy of Bacterial Surfaces and its Relevance for Adhesion, Appl Environ Microbiol48:980-983.
7.
Christersson, C.E.; Glantz, P.O.; and Baier, R.E. (1988): Role of Temperature and Shear Forces on Microbial Detachment, Scand J Dent Res96:91-98.
8.
Dexter, S.C. and Lucas, K.E. (1985): The Study of Biofilm Formation under Water by Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, J Coll Interf Sci104:15-27.
9.
Doyle, R.J.; Nesbitt, W.E.; and Taylor, K.G. (1982): On the Mechanisms of Adherence of Streptococcus sanguis to Hydroxyapatite, FEMS Microbiol Lett15:1-5.
10.
Fletcher, M. and Loeb, G.I. (1976): The Influence of Substratum Surface Properties on the Attachment of a Marine Bacterium. In: Colloid and Interface Sciences, Vol. III, M. Kerker, Ed., New York: Academic Press, pp. 459-469.
11.
Fletcher, M. and Loeb, G.I. (1979): Influence of Substratum Characteristics on the Attachment of a Marine Pseudomonad to Solid Surfaces, Appl Environ Microbiol37:67-72.
12.
Fletcher, M. and Pringle, J.H. (1985): The Effect of Surface Free-energy and Medium Surface Tension on Bacterial Attachment to Solid Surface, J Coll Interf Sci104:5-14.
13.
Gibbons, R.J. (1979): On the Mechanism of Bacterial Attachment to Teeth . In: Proceedings, Saliva and Dental Caries, I. Kleinberg, S.A. Ellison , and I.D. Mandel, Eds., Sp. Supp., Microbiol Abstr, New York: Information Retrieval, Inc., pp. 267-273.
14.
Gibbons, R.J. (1980): Adhesion of Bacteria to the Surfaces of the Mouth . In: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces, R.C.W. Berkeley, J.M. Lynch, J. Melling, P.R. Rutter , and B. Vincent, Eds., Chichester : Ellis Horwood, pp. 351-378.
15.
Gibbons, R.J.; Cohen, L.; and Hay, D.I. (1986): Strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus Attach to Different Pellicle Receptors, Infect Immun52:555-561.
16.
Gibbons, R.J. and Etherden, I. (1985): Albumin as a Blocking Agent in Studies of Streptococcal Adsorption to Experimental Salivary Pellicles, Infect Immun50:592-594.
17.
Gibbons, R.J.; Etherden, I.; and Peros, W. (1985): Aspects of the Attachment of Oral Streptococci to Experimental Pellicles. In: Molecular Basis of Oral Microbial Adhesion, S.E. Mergenhagen and B. Rosan, Eds., Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, pp. 77-84.
18.
Glantz, P.O. (1971): The Adhesiveness of Teeth, J Coll Interf Sci37:281-290.
19.
Hay, D.I. (1967): The Adsorption of Salivary Proteins by Hydroxyapatite and Enamel, Arch Oral Biol12:937-946.
20.
Hay, D.I. and Moreno, E.C. (1979): Differential Adsorption and Chemical Affinities of Protein for Apatitic Surface, J Dent Res58:45-58.
21.
Horbett, T.A. (1982): Protein Adsorption on Biomaterials. In: Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 199, Washington, DC : Am Chem Soc, pp. 233-244.
22.
Lie, T. (1977): Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopic Studies of Pellicle Morphogenesis, Scand J Dent Res85:219-231.
23.
Loomis, R.E.; Prakobphol, A.; Levine, M.J.; Reddy, M.S.; and Jones, P.C. (1987): Biochemical and Biophysical Comparison of Two Mucins from Human Submandibular-Sublingual Saliva, Arch Biochem Biophys258:452-464.
24.
Mayhall, C.W. (1970): Concerning the Composition and Source of the Acquired Pellicle of Human Teeth, Arch Oral Biol15:1323-1341.
25.
Orstavik, D. (1977): The Acquired Pellicle and Streptococcal Adhesion, Thesis, Oslo: Universiteitsforlagets trykningssentral.
26.
Orstavik, D. (1978): The in vitro Attachment of an Oral Streptococcus sp. to the Acquired Tooth Enamel Pellicle, Arch Oral Biol23:167-173.
27.
Rstavik, D. (1978): Bacterial Adherence Related to Agglutination and Surface Film Formation, Adv Exp Biol Med107 :869-875.
28.
Rstavik, D. (1980): Salivary Factors in Initial Plaque Formation. In: Microbial Adhesion to Surfaces, R.C.W. Berkeley, J.M. Lynch, J. Melling, P.R. Rutter , and B. Vincent, Eds., Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd., pp. 407-423.
29.
Ørstavik, D. and Ørstavik, J. (1976): In vitro Attachment of Streptococcus sanguis to Dental Crown and Bridge Cements, J Oral Rehab3:139-144.
30.
Pratt-Terpstra, I.H.; Weerkamp, A.H.; and Busscher, H.J. (1987): Adhesion of Oral Streptococci from a Flowing Suspension to Uncoated and Albumin Coated Surfaces, J Gen Microbiol133:3199-3206.
31.
Pratt-Terpstra, I.H.; Weerkamp, A.H.; and Busscher, H.J. (1988): On a Relation between Interfacial Free Energy-dependent and Non Interfacial Free Energy-dependent Adherence of Oral Streptococci to Solid Substrata, Curr Microbiol16:311-313.
32.
Quirynen, M.; Marechal, M.; Busscher, H.J.; Arends, J.; Darius, P.L.; and Van Steenberghe, D. (1989): The Influence of Surface Free Energy on Plaque Growth in Man, J Dent Res68 (in press).
33.
Rolla, G.; Bonesvoll, P.; and Oppermann, R. (1979): Interactions between Oral Streptococci and Salivary Proteins. In: Proceedings, Saliva and Dental Caries. I. Kleinberg, S.A. Ellison , and I.D. Mandel, Eds., Sp Supp Microbiol Abstr, New York: Information Retrieval, Inc., pp. 227-241.
34.
Rolla, G.; Robrish, S.A.; and Bowen, W.H. (1977): Interaction of Hydroxyapatite and Protein-coated Hydroxyapatite with Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis, Acta Path Microbiol Scand85:341-346.
35.
Rosenberg, M.; Gutnick, D.; and Rosenberg, E. (1980): Adherence of Bacteria to Hydroxycarbons: a Simple Method for Measuring Cell Surface Hydrophobicity, FEMS Microbiol Lett9 :29-33.
36.
Satou, N.; Satou, J.; Shintani, H.; and Okuda, K. (1988): Adherence of Streptococci to Surface-modified Glass, J Gen Microbiol134:1299-1305.
37.
Saxton, C.A. (1973): Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Formation of Dental Plaque, Caries Res7:102-119.
38.
Schakenraad, J.M.; Busscher, H.J.; Wildevuur, C.R.H.; and Arends, J. (1986): The Influence of Substratum Free Energy on Growth and Spreading of Human Fibroblasts in the Presence and Absence of Serum Proteins , J Biomed Mat Res20 :773-784.
39.
Sonju, T. and Rolla, G. (1973): Chemical Analysis of the Acquired Pellicle Formed in Two Hours on Cleaned Human Teeth in vivo, Caries Res7:30-38.
40.
Uyen, M.H.W.J.C.; Busscher, H.J.; Weerkamp, A.H.; and Arends, J. (1985): Surface Free Energies of Oral Streptococci and Their Adhesion to Solids, FEMS Microbiol Lett30:103-106.
41.
Weerkamp, A.H.; Van Der Mei, H.C.; Engelen, D.P.E.; and De Windt, C.E.A. (1984): Adhesion Receptors (Adhesins) of Oral Streptococci. In: Bacterial Adhesion and Preventive Dentistry, J.M. ten Cate, S.A. Leach, and J. Arends , Eds., Oxford : IRC Press, pp. 85-97.
42.
Weerkamp, A.H.; Van Der Mei, H.C.; and Busscher, H.J. (1985): The Surface Free Energy of Oral Streptococci after being Coated with Saliva and its Relation to Adhesion in the Mouth, J Dent Res64:1204-1210.
43.
Van Dijk, L.J.; Herkstroter, F.; Busscher, H.J.; Weerkamp, A.H.; Jansen, H.W.B.; and Arends, J. (1987): Surface Free Energy and Bacterial Adhesion - an in vivo Study in Beagle Dogs, J Clin Periodontol14:300-304.
44.
Van Pelt, A.W.J.; Weerkamp, A.H.; Uyen, M.H.W.J.C.; Busscher, H.J.; DE Jong, H.P.; and Arends, J. (1985): Adhesion of Streptococcus sanguis CH3 to Polymers with Different Surface Free Energies, Appl Environ Microbiol49:1270-1275.
