Reliability estimates provide a means of adjusting observed correlations for technical error. The results show that the true correlations among 11 craniofacial landmarks are consistently higher than observed values. Consequently, the regression slopes defining these relationships are also increased. The less reliable two measures are, and the closer their joint reliability approximates the observed correlation, the greater the expected change in true correlation. Adjusting craniofacial relationships for technical error may substantially increase the proportion of variation explained, and thereby alter statistical inferences drawn from results.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Baughan, B.; Demirjian, A.; Levesque, G.Y.; and La Palme-Chaput, L. (1979): The Pattern of Facial Growth Before and During Puberty, as Shown by French-Canadian Girls, Ann Human Biol6:59-76.
2.
Baumrind, S. and Frantz, R.C. (1971): The Reliability of Head Film Measurements. 1. Landmark Identification, Am J Orthod60:111-127.
3.
Bjork, A. (1947): The Face in Profile, Lund: Berlingska Boktryckereit.
4.
Buschang, P.H.; Tanguay, R.; Patterson, D.K.; and Demirjian, A. (1984): Cephalometric Reliability: A Comparison of Two Assessment Methods, Am J Phys Anthrop63:142-143.
5.
Carlsson, G.E. (1967): Error in X-Ray Cephalometry, Odont Tidskr75:99-129.
6.
Fuller, W.A. and Hidiroglou, M.A. (1978): Regression Estimation After Correcting for Attenuation, J Am Stat Assoc73: 99-104.
7.
Goldstein, H. (1979): The Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Studies , London: Academic Press.
8.
Matila, K. and Haataja, J. (1968): On the Accuracy of Determining Certain Reference Points in Cephalometric Radiography, Odont Tidskr76:249-295.
9.
Solow, B. (1966): The Pattern of Craniofacial Associations. A Morphological and Methodological Correlation and Factor Analysis Study of Young Male Adults , Acta Odontol Scand24 (Suppl. 46).
10.
Starbrun, A.E. and Danielsen, K. (1982): Precision in Cephalometric Landmark Identification , Eur J Orthod4 :185-196.
11.
Vinkka, H. and Koski, K. (1974): Inter- and Intraobserver Variability in an X-ray Craniometric Analysis Method, Proc Finn Dent Soc70:156-160.
12.
Warren, R.D.; White, J.K.; and Fuller, W.A. (1974): An Errors-in-Variables Analysis of Managerial Role Performance, J Am Stat Assoc69:886-893.
