Origin, cell kinetics, and phenotypic aspects of odontoblast cell lineage are described. Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulate odontoblast differentiation. These interactions appear to be mediated by the extracellular matrix. Possible molecular mechanisms of cell-matrix interactions are discussed. Questions still unanswered are recommended for investigation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersG.: Untersuchungen an Chimären von Triton und Bombinator, Genetics24: 387–534, 1949.
2.
ArechagaJ.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; and RuchJ.V.: Neutral Morphogenetic Activity of Epithelium in Heterologous Tissue Recombinations, Differentiation25: 142–147, 1983.
3.
BaumeL.J.: The Biology of Pulp and Dentine.Monograph in Oral Science, MyersM., Ed., Basel: S. Karger, 1980.
4.
BernfieldM.R.; and BanerjeeS.D.: The Basal Lamina in Epithetial-Mesenchymal Morphogenetic Interactions. In: Biology and Chemistry of Basement Membrane, KefalidesN.A., Ed., New York: Acad. Press, 1978, p. 137.
5.
BornsteinP.; DuskinD.; BalianG.; DavidsonJ.M.; and CrouchE.: Organization of Extracellular Proteins on the Connective Tissue Cell Surface: Relevance to Cell-Matrix Interactions in vitro and in vivo, Ann N Y Acad Sci312:93–97, 1978.
6.
BrinkleyB.R.: Organization of the Cytoplasm, Summary, Cold Spring Symp Quant Biol46: 1029–1040, 1982.
7.
BrownellA.G.; BessemC.C.; and SlavkinH.C.: Possible Functions of Mesenchyme Cell-derived Fibronectin during Formation of Basal Lamina, Proc Natl Acad Sci, USA78: 3711–3715, 1981.
ButlerW.T.; FinchJ.E.; and DestengC.V.: Chemical Characters of Proteins in Rat Incisors, Biochim Biophys Acta257: 167–171, 1972.
10.
ButlerW.T.; HallW.T.; and RichardsonW.S.: Purification and Some Properties of the Phosphoprotein from Rat Incisors, Biochim Biophys Acta427: 262–276, 1976.
11.
CassinC.; and CapuronA.: Buccal Organogenesis in Pleurodelès waltlii michah. Studies by Intrablastocelic Transplantation and in vitro Culture. In: Tooth Morphogenesis and Differentiation, RuchJ.V., Ed., Paris: Editions S.N.P.M.D., 1979, p. 37.
12.
ChibonP.: Analyse expérimentale de la régionalisation et des capacités morphogénétiques de la crête neurale chez l'amphibien urodèle Pleurodelès waltlii michah, Mem Soc Zool (France)36:1–122, 1966.
13.
CohenA.M.: Independent Expression of the Adrenergic Phenotype by Neural Crest Cells in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA74:2899–2903, 1977.
14.
CournilI.; LeblondC.P.; PomponioJ.; HandA.R.; Sed-ErlofL.; and MartinGR.: Immunohistochcmical Localization of Procollagens. I. Light Microscopic Distribution of Procollagen I, III and IV Antigenicity in the Rat Incisor Tooth by the Indirect Per-oxydase-anti-peroxydase Method, Histochem Cytochem27: 1059–1069, 1979.
15.
CummingsE.G.; BringasP.; GrodinM.S.; and SlavkinH.C.: Epithelial-directed Mesenchyme Differentiation in vitro. Model of Murine Odontoblast Differentiation Mediated by Quail Epithelia, Differentiation29: 1–9, 1981.
16.
De BeerG.R.: The Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells into Visceral Cartilages and Odontoblasts in Amblystoma and a Reexamination of the Germ Layer Theory, Proc R Soc134: 377–398, 1947.
17.
DryburghL.C.: Epigenetics of Early Tooth Development in the Mouse, J Dent Res (suppl) 46:1264, 1967.
18.
DubandJ.L.; and ThieryJ.P.: Distribution of Fibronectin in the Early Phase of Avian Cephalic Neural Crest Migration, Dev Biol93: 308–323, 1982.
19.
EmberyG.: Glycosaminoglycans of Human Dental Pulp, J Biol Buccale4: 229–236, 1976.
20.
FrankR.M.; OsmanM.; MeyerJ.-M.; and RuchJ.V.: 3H-glucosamine Electron-microscope Autoradiography after Isolated Labeling of the Enamel Organ or the Dental Papilla Followed by Reas-sociated Tooth Germ Culture, J Biol Buccale7: 225–241, 1979.
21.
GerberR.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; and RuchJ.V.: Matériel présomptif odontogène et topographie de l'épithélium dentaire dans la mâchoire inférieure de l'embryon de souris, J Biol Buccale2: 249–258, 1974.
22.
GogginsJ.F.; and FullmerH.M.: Enzyme Histochemistry of the Rat Molar Pulp, Arch Oral Biol12: 639–644, 1967.
23.
GoldbergM.; EscaigF.; and SeptierD.: Étude par cryofracture et sur coupes fines des jonctions intercellulaires entre les odontoblastes de l'incisive de rat. Modifications induites par la vinblastine, J Biol Buccale9: 141–153, 1981.
24.
GospodarowiczD.; VlodavskyI.; and SavionN.: The Extracellular Matrix and the Control of Proliferation of Vascular Endothelial and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells, J Supramol Struct13: 339–372, 1980.
25.
GrinellF.: Fibroblast Receptor for Cell-Substratum Adhesion : Studies on the Interaction of Baby Hamster Kidney Cells with Latex Beads Coated by Cold Insoluble Globulin (Plasma Fibronectin), J Cell Biol7: 104–112, 1980.
26.
GrobsteinC: Inductive Tissue Interactions in Development, Adv Cancer Res4: 187–195, 1956.
27.
HallB.K.: Distribution of Ostco- and Chondrogenic Neural Crest-derived Cells and of Osteogenically Inductive Epithelia in Mandibular Arches of Embryonic Chicks, J Embryol Exp Morph68: 127–136, 1982.
28.
HayE.D.: Interaction of Embryonic Cell Surface and Cytoskeleton with Extracellular Matrix, Amer J Anat65: 1–12, 1982.
29.
HayakawaT.; IlilmaK.; HashimotoY.; MyokeiY.; TakeiT.; and MatsuiT.: Developmental Changes in the Colla-gens and Some Collagenolytic Activities in Bovine Dental Pulps, Arch Oral Biol26: 1057–1062, 1981.
30.
HollandG.R.: Lanthanum Hydroxide Labelling of Gap Junctions in the Odontoblast Layer, Anat Rec186: 121–126, 1976.
31.
HugginsC.B.; MccarrollH.R.; and DahlbergA.A.: Transplantation of Tooth Germ Elements and Experimental Heterotopic Formation of Dentine and Enamel, J Exp Med60: 199–210, 1938.
32.
HynesR.O.: Fibronectin and Its Relation to Cellular Structure and Behavior. In: Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix, HayE.D., Ed., New York: Plenum Press, 1981, p. 295.
33.
JohnstonM.C.; and ListgartenM.: Observation of the Migration, Interactions and Early Differentiation of Orofacial Tissues. In: Developmental Aspects of Oral Biology, SlavkinH.C.; and BavettaL.A., Eds., New York: Acad. Press, 1972, p. 35.
34.
JonesI.L.; and LeaverA.C.: Glycosaminoglycans of Human Dentine, Calcif Tissue Res16: 37–44, 1974.
35.
Karcher-DjuricicV.; OsmanM.; MeyerJ.-M.; StaubliA.; and RuchJ.V.: Basement Membrane Reconstitution and Cyto-differentiation of Odontoblasts in Isochronal and Heterochronal Reas-sociations of Enamel Organs and Pulps, J Biol Buccale6: 257–265, 1978.
36.
KleinmanH.K.; MartinG.R.; and FishmanP.H.: Ganglioside Inhibition of Fibronectin-niediated Cell Adhesion to Collagen, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA76:3367–3371, 1979.
37.
KleinmanH.K.; KlebeR.J.; and MartinG.R.: Role of Collagenous Matrix in the Adhesion and Growth of Cells, J Cell Biol8: 473–485, 1981.
38.
KochW.: In vitro Differentiation of Tooth Rudiments of Embryonic Mice, J Exp Zool165: 155–170, 1967.
39.
KolingA.; Rask-AndersenH., and Bagger-SjöbäckD.: Membrane Junctions on Odontoblasts. A Frceze-fracture Study, Acta Odomol Scand39: 355–360, 1981.
40.
KollarE.J.: The Development of the Integument : Spatial, Temporal and Phylogenetic Factors, Am Zool12: 125–135, 1972.
41.
KollarE.J.; and LumsdenA.G.S.: Tooth Morphogenesis : The Role of the Innervation During Induction and Pattern Formation. In: Tooth Morphogenesis and Differentiation, RuchJ.V., Ed., Paris: Editions S.N.P.M.D., 1979, p. 113.
42.
LarsonA.: Histochemical Localization of Alkaline Pyrophosphate-Phosphohydrolase in Tooth-forming Cells of Rat, Scand J Dent Res84: 63–75, 1976.
43.
LauE.C.; BoukariA.; ArechagaJ.; OsmanM.; and RuchJ.V.: 35S-autoradiography Study of Sulfated GAG Accumulation and Turnover in Embryonic Mouse Tooth Germs, J Craniofacial Genet Develop Biol3: 117–131, 1983.
44.
LauE.C.; and RuchJ.V.: Glycosaminoglycans in Embryonic Mouse Teeth and the Dissociated Dental Constituents, Differentiation23: 234–242, 1983.
45.
LaurieG.M.; LeblondC.P.; and MartinG.R.: Localization of Type IV Collagen, Laminin, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan and Fibro-nectin to the Basal Lamina of Basement Membranes, J Cell Biol95: 340–344, 1982.
46.
Le DouarinN.: Migration and Differentiation of Neural Crest Cells, Current Top Dev Biol16: 32–86, 1980.
47.
LeonardE.P.; and ProvenzaD.V.: Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Sequential Mouse Molar Tooth Development. An Electron Microscopic Study, Histochimie34: 343–354, 1973.
48.
LesotH.; and RuchJ.V.: Analyse des types de collagène synthétisés par l'ébauche dentaire et ses constituants dissociés chez l'embryon de souris, Biol Cell34: 23–38, 1979.
49.
LesotH.: Collagen Type I Trimer Synthesis by Cultured Embryonic Mouse Molars, Eur J Biochem116: 541–546, 1981.
50.
LesotH.; OsmanM.; and RuchJ.V.: Immunofluorescent Localization of Collagens, Fibronectin and Laminin During Terminal Differentiation of Odontoblasts, Dev Biol82: 371–381, 1981.
51.
LesotH.; MeyerJ.-M.; RuchJ.V.; WeberK.; and OsbornM.: Immunofluorescent Localization of Vimentin, Prekeratin, and Actin, During Odontoblast and Ameloblast Differentiation, Differentiation21: 133–137, 1982.
52.
LesotH.; KuhlU.; and Von Der MarkK.: Isolation of Laminin Binding Protein from Muscle Cell Membranes, Embo J2: 861–865, 1983.
53.
LindeA.: A Study of the Dental Pulp Glycosaminoglycans from Permanent Human Teeth, and Rat and Rabbit Incisors, Arch Oral Biol18: 49–59, 1973.
54.
LindeA.: Glycosaminoglycans of the Odontoblasts-Predentin Layer in Dentinogenically Active Porcine Teeth, Calcif Tissue Res12: 281–301, 1973.
55.
LindeA.; and GranströmG.: Odontoblast Alkaline Phosphatase and Ca+ + Transport, J Biol Buccale6: 293–308, 1978.
56.
LindeA.; JohanssonS.; JonssonR.; and JontellM.: Localization of Fibronectin During Dentinogenesis in Rat Incisor, Arch Oral Biol27: 1069–1073, 1982.
57.
LumsdenA.G.S.: Pattern Formation in the Molar Dentition of the Mouse. In: Tooth Morphogenesis and Differentiation, RuchJ.V., Ed., Paris: Editions S.N.P.M.D., 1979, p. 85.
58.
MagloireH.; and DumontJ.: Étude ultrastructurale de cellules pulpaires humaines cultivées in vitro, J Biol Buccale4:3–20, 1976.
59.
MagloireH.; GrimaudJ.A.; HerbageD.; CoubleM.L.; and ChavrierC: Distribution of Type III Collagen in the Pulp Parenchyma of Human Developing Tooth, Histochem74: 319–328, 1982.
60.
MeyerJ.-M.; FabreM.; StaubliA.; and RuchJ.V.: Relations cellulaires au cours de l'odontogenèse, J Biol Buccale5: 197–199, 1977.
61.
MeyerJ.-M.; StaubliA.; and RuchJ.V.: Ultrastructural Local-ization of Concanavalin A Binding Sites of the Surface of Differen-tiating Odontoblasts, Biol Cell42: 193–196, 1981.
62.
MeyerJ.-M.; StaubliA.; and RuchJ.V.: Ruthenium Red Staining and Tannic Acid Fixation of Dental Basement Membrane, Cell Tissue Res220: 589–597, 1981.
63.
MillerW.A.: Early Dental Development in Mice. In: Dental Morphology and Evolution, DahlbergA.A., Ed., Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1971, p. 31.
64.
MollenhauerJ.; and Von Der MarkK.: Isolation and Characterization of a Collagen-binding Glycoprotein from Chondrocytes Membranes. Embo J2: 45–50, 1983.
65.
MunksgaardE.; C; RhodesM.; MaynesR.; and ButlerW.T.: Collagen Synthesis and Secretion by Rat Incisor Odontoblasts in Organ Culture, Eur J Biochem82: 609–617, 1978.
66.
NicolsonG.L.: Topographic Display of Cell Surface Components and Their Role in Transmembrane Signaling, Curr Top Dev Biol13: 305–338, 1979.
67.
NodenD.M.: The Migration and Cytodifferentiation of Cranial Neural Crest Cells. In: Current Research Trends in Prenatal Craniofacial Development, PrattR.M.; and ChristiansenR.L., Eds., New York: Elsevier, North Holland, 1980, p. 3.
68.
NodenD.M.: The Role of the Neural Crest in Patterning of Cranial Skeletal, Connective and Muscle Tissues, Dev Biol96: 144–165, 1982.
69.
OliveM.; and RuchJ.V.: La différenciation fonctionnelle des odon-toblastes d'embryons de souris implique une synthèse'd'ADN sans division cellulaire, C R Acad Sci Paris295: 93–96, 1982.
70.
OrlowskiW.: Analysis of Collagen, Acid Mucopolysaccharides and Glycoproteins in Bovine and Porcine Pulp, Arch Oral Biol9: 255–258, 1974.
71.
OsbornJ.W.: A Cladistic Interpretation of Morphogenesis, J Biol Buccale6: 327–338, 1978.
72.
OsmanA.; and RuchJ.V.: Répartition topographique des mitoses dans les territoires odontogènes de la mâchoire inférieure de l'embryon de souris, J Biol Buccale3: 117–132, 1975.
73.
OsmanA.; and RuchJ.V.: Répartition topographique des mitoses dans l'incisive et la première molaire inférieures de l'embryon de souris, J Biol Buccale4: 331–348, 1976.
74.
OsmanA.; and RuchJ.V.: Contribution à l'étude des paramètres du cycle cellulaire au cours de l'odontogenèse chez la souris, J Biol Buccale6: 43–54, 1978.
75.
OsmanM.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; and RuchJ.V.: Differenciation in vitro du matériel molaire présomptif de l'embryon de souris, C R Acad Sci Paris289:149–151, 1979.
76.
OsmanM.; MeyerJ.-M.; StaubliA.; and RuchJ.V.: Cyto-chemical Localization of Adenylate-Cyclase in Embryonic Mouse Molars, Acta Histochem68: 91–102, 1981.
77.
OsmanM.; and RuchJ.V.: Reconstitution of the Basement Membrane from the Inner and Outer Dental Epithelia of Trypsin-isolated Mouse Molar Enamel Organs, J Biol Buccale9:129–139, 1981a.
78.
OsmanM.; and RuchJ.V.: 3H-glucosamine and 3H-proline radioau-tography of Embryonic Mouse Dental Basement Membrane, J Cran-iofac Genet Develop Biol1:95–108, 1981b.
79.
OsmanM.; and RuchJ.V.: Behavior of Odontoblasts and Basal Lamina of Trypsin or EDTA-isolated Mouse Dental Papillae in Short-term Culture, J Dent Res60:1015–1027, 1981c.
80.
PearsonA.A.: The Early Innervation of the Developing Deciduous Teeth, J Anat123: 563–577, 1977.
81.
P1NtarJ.E.: Distribution and Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans During Quail Neural Crest Morphogenesis, Dev Biol67: 444–464, 1978.
82.
PourtoisM.: Contribution à l'étude des bourgeons dentaires chez la souris. L. Périodes d'induction et de morpho-différenciation. Arch Biol72: 18–94, 1961.
83.
PourtoisM.: Étude de la différenciation des odontoblastes en culture in vitro, Arch Biol77:107–137, 1966.
84.
PrattR.M.; LarsenM.A.; and JohnstonM.C.: Migration of Cranial Neural Crest Cells in a Cell-free Hyaluronate-rich Matrix, Dev Biol44: 298–305, 1975.
85.
RavenC.P.: Zur Entwicklung der Ganglienleiste. I. Die Kinematik der Ganglienleiste-Entwicklung bei den Urodelen, Arch Entwich Org125: 210–292, 1932.
86.
ReithE.J.: Collagen Formation in Developing Molar Teeth of Rats, J Ultrastruct Res21: 383–414, 1968.
87.
RuchJ.V.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; and GerberR.: Us déter-ministries de la morphogènese et des cytodifferenciations des ébauches dentaires de souris, J Biol Buccale1: 45–56, 1973.
88.
RuchJ.V.; and Karcher-DjuricicV.: On Odontogenic Tissue Interactions. In: Extracellular Matrix Influences on Gene Expression, SlavkinH.C.; and GreulichR.C., Eds., New York: Acad. Press, 1975, p. 549.
89.
RuchJ.V.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; StaubliA.; and FabreM.: Effets de la cytochalasine B et de la colchicine sur les différenciations dentaires in vitro., Arch Anat Microsc Morph Exp64:113–134, 1975.
90.
RuchJ.V.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; and ThieboldJ.: Cell Division and Cytodifferentiation of Odontoblasts, Differentiation5: 165–169, 1976.
91.
RuchJ.V.; LesotH.; Karcher-DjuricicV.; MeyerJ.M.; and OliveM.: Facts and Hypotheses Concerning the Control of Odontoblast Differentiation, Differentiation21: 7–12, 1982.
92.
RuoslahtiE.; EnvallE.; and HaymannE.G.: Fibronectin: Current Concepts of its Structure and Function, Cell Res1: 95–128, 1981.
93.
SakamotoN.; OkamotoH.; and OkudaK: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Bovine, Rabbit and Human Dental Pulp Gly-cosaminogfycans, J Dent Res58: 646–655, 1979.
94.
SakamotoN.; NakajimaT.; IkunagaK.; ShidaharaH.; OkamotoH.; and OkudaK.: Identification of Hyaluronidase Activity in Rabbit Dental Pulp, J Dent Res60: 850–854, 1981.
95.
SasakiT.; NakagawaK.; and HigashiS.: Ultrastructure of Odontoblast in Kitten Tooth Germs as Revealed by Freeze Fracture, Arch Oral Biol27: 897–904, 1982.
96.
SellmanS.: Some Experiments on the Determination of the Larval Teeth in Amblystoma mexicanum, Odontol Tidskr54:1–128, 1946.
97.
SembaT.: On the Extracellular Communication Between the Dentin and the Pulp. In: Formation and Calcification of Hard Tissues, TalmageR.V.; and OzawaM., Eds., Tokyo: Shakai Hoken, 1978, p. 83.
98.
ShuttleworthCA.; WardJ.L.; and HirschmannP.N.: The Presence of Type III Collagen in the Developing Tooth, Biochim Bio-phys Acta535: 348–355, 1978.
99.
SingerS.J.; AshJ.F.; BourguignonL.Y.W.; HeggenessM.H.; and LouversD.: Transmembrane Interactions and the Mechanisms of Transport of Proteins Across Membranes, J Supramol Struct9: 373–390, 1978.
100.
SingerI.I.: The Fibronexus: A Transmembranous Association of Fi-bronectin-Containing Fibers and Bundles of 5nm Microfilaments in Hamster and Human Fibroblasts, Cell16: 675–685, 1979.
101.
SlavkinH.C.; BringasP.; Le BaronR.; CameronJ.; and BavettaL.A.: The Fine Structure of the Extracellular Matrix During Epithelio-Mesenchymal Interactions in the Rabbit Embryonic Incisor, Anat Rec165: 237–256, 1969.
102.
SlavkinH.C.; CummingsE.; BringasP.; and HonigL.S.: Epithelial Derived Basal Lamina Regulation of Mesenchymal Cell Differentiation. In: Proc. of the International Society of Developmental Biologists, WeberR.; and BurgerM., Eds., New York: A.R. Liss, 1982, p. 127.
103.
SmithG.H.; and VonderhaarB.K.: Functional Differentiation in Mouse Mammary Gland Epithelium is Attained Through DNA Synthesis Inconsequent of Mitosis, Dev Biol88: 167–179, 1981.
104.
StarkeyW.E.: The Migration and Renewal of Tritium Labelled Cells in the Developing Enamel Organ of Rabbits, Br Dent J115: 143–175, 1963.
105.
StoneL.: Further Experiments on the Extirpation and Transplantation of Mesectoderm in Amblystoma punctatum, J Exp Zool44:95–131, 1926.
106.
SugrueS.P.; and HayE.D.: Interaction of Embryonic Corneal Epithelium with Exogenous Collagen, Laminin and Fibronectin. Role of Endogenous Protein Synthesis, Dev Biol92: 97–106, 1982.
107.
TanakaT.: The Origin and Localization of Dentinal Fluid in Developing Rat Molar Teeth Studied with Lanthanum as a Tracer, Arch Oral Biol25: 153–162, 1980.
108.
Ten CateA.R.: The Distribution of Alkaline Phosphatase in the Human Tooth Germ, Arch Oral Biol7: 195–205, 1962.
109.
Ten CateA.R.; MelcherA.H.; PudyG.; and WagnerD.: The Non-fibrous Nature of the von Korff Fibres in Developing Dentine. A Light and Electron Microscope Study, Anat Rec168: 491–524, 1970.
110.
Ten CateA.R.: A Fine Structural Study of Coronal and Root Dentinogenesis in the Mouse. Observations on the So-called von Korff Fibers and Their Contribution to Mantel Dentine, J Anat123: 1–15, 1977.
111.
TerranovaV.P.; RaoC.N.; KalebicT.; MargulesI.M.; and LiottaL.A.: Laminin Receptor on Human Breast Carcinoma Cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA80:444–448, 1983.
112.
ThesleffI.; LehtonenE.; and SaxenL.: Basement Membrane Formation in Transfilter Tooth Culture and Its Relations to Odontoblast Differentiation, Differentiation10: 71–79, 1978.
113.
ThesleffI.; StenmannS.; VaheriA.; and TimplR.: Changes in the Matrix Proteins, Fibronectin and Collagen During Differentiation of Mouse Tooth Germs, Dev Biol70: 116–126, 1979.
114.
ThesleffI.; BarrachH.T.; FoidartJ.M.; VaheriA.; PrattR.M.; and MartinG.R.: Changes in the Distribution of Type IV Collagen, Laminin, Proteoglycan and Fibronectin During Mouse Tooth Development, Dev Biol81: 182–192, 1981.
115.
ThieryJ.P.; DubandJ.L.; and DelouveeA.: Pathways and Mechanisms of Avian Trunk Neural Crest Cell Migration and Localization. Dev Biol3: 324–343, 1982.
116.
VeisA.; and SchlueterR.J.: The Macromolecular Organization of Dentin Matrix Collagen. I. Characterization of Dentin Collagen, Biochemistry3:1650–1657. 1964.
117.
VeisA.; and PerryA.: The Phosphoprotein of the Dentin Matrix, Biochemistry6: 2409–2416, 1967.
118.
Von BrunnA.: Ueber die Ausdehnung des Schmelzorgans und seine Bedeutung für die Zahnbildung, Arch Mikr Anat29: 367–395, 1887.
119.
Von ValenL.: An Analysis of Developmental Fields, Dev Biol23: 456–477, 1970.
120.
WagnerG.: Untersuchungen an Bombinator-Triton-Chimären, Roux' Arch Entwicklungsmech Org151: 136–158, 1959.
121.
WestonJ.A.: Motile and Social Behavior of Neural Crest Cells. In: Cell Behaviour, BellairsR.; CurtisA.; and DunnG., Eds., Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press., 1982.
122.
WohllebeM.; and CarmichaelD.J.: Type I Trimer and Type I Collagen in Neutral Salt-soluble Lathyritic-rat Dentine, Eur J Biochem92: 183–188, 1978.