In vitro caries-like lesion formation in F-containing tooth enamel (shark) showed a lower depth of penetration compared to that in human enamel (42 vs. 100%). After longer periods of exposure, the depth of penetration in shark enamel is only 33% relative to that in human enamel. The extent of dissolution in acetate buffer for powdered human enamel and for synthetic F-free calcium-carbonated-apatites was greater than for powdered shark enamel and for synthetic F-containing apatites.
These results suggest that the cariostatic action of fluoride may be explained in terms of a combination of two effects: (a) the stabilizing effect against acid dissolution (caries) when fluoride is incorporated in the tooth mineral (apatite), and (b) a greater degree of remineralization (repair) in the presence of F solution.
Brown, W.E.; Gregory, T.M.; and Chow, L.C.: Effects of Fluoride on Enamel Solubility and Cariostasis, Ibid: 118-141, 1977.
3.
Gron, P.: Chemistry of Topical Fluorides, Ibid: 172-204, 1977.
4.
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5.
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7.
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8.
Trautz, O.R. ; Klein, E.; and Addelson, H.K.: Variations in the X-ray Diffractograms of Dental Enamel of Man and Shark, IADR Progr & Abst31: No. 472, 1952.
9.
Glas, J.E.: Studies on the Ultrastructure of Dental Enamel. VI. Crystal Chemistry of Shark's Teeth, Odont Rev13 :315-326, 1962.
10.
LeGeros, R.Z. : Crystallographic and Chemical Properties of Fluoridated and Non-fluoridated Fish Enameloids, ler Symposium sur les Tissus Calcifies des Poissons, Brest-CNEXO, 1978 (unpublished).
11.
LeGeros, R.Z. and Suga, S.: Crystallographic Nature of Fluoride in Enameloids of Fish, Calcif Tissue Int32:169-174, 1980.
12.
Garant, P.R. : An Electron Microscopic Study of the Crystal-Matrix Relationship in Teeth of the Dogfish Squalus acanthias, J Ultrastruct Res30:441-449, 1970.
13.
Kerebel, B. ; Daculsi, G.; and Verbaere, A.: High-resolution Electron Microscopy and Crystallography Study of Some Biological Apatites, J Ultrastruct Res57:266-275, 1976.
14.
Daculsi, G. and Kerebel, B.: High-resolution Electron Microscope Study of Human Enamel Crystallite's Size, Shape, and Growth, J Ultrastruct Res65:163-172, 1978.
15.
Daculsi, G. and Kerebel, L.M.: Ultrastructural Study and Comparative Analysis of Fluoride Content of Enameloid in Sea-water and Fresh-water Sharks, Arch Oral Biol25 :145-151,1980.
16.
Ripa, L.W.; Gwinnett, A.J.; Guzman, C.; and Legler, D.: Microstructural and Microradiographic Qualities of Lemon Shark Enameloid, Arch Oral Biol17:165-173, 1972.
17.
LeGeros, R.Z. ; Taheri, H.M.; Kerebel, L.M.; and Silverstone , L.M.: Comparative Properties of Fluoridated and Non-fluoridated Apatites, AADR Progr & Abst59: No. 1015, 1980.
18.
LeGeros, R.Z. : The Unit-cell Dimensions of Human Enamel Apatite: Effect of Chloride Incorporation, Arch Oral Biol20: 63-71,1974.
19.
LeGeros, R.Z. ; LeGeros, J.P.; Trautz, O.R.; and Shirra, W.P.: Conversion of Monetite, CaHP04, to Apatites: Effect of Carbonate on the Crystallinity and the Morphology, Adv X-ray Anal14:57-65, 1971.
20.
LeGeros, R.Z. and Tung, M.: Factors Affecting Fluoride Incorporation in Apatites, IADR Progr & Abst59: No. 344, 1980.
21.
LeGeros, R.Z. : Crystallographic Studies of the Carbonate Substitution in the Apatite Structure. Ph.D. Thesis, New York University , New York, NY, 1967.
22.
Brugel, W.: An Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy, London: Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1962, pp. 243-259, 365.
23.
Fowler, B.O. ; Moreno, E.C.; and Brown, W.E.: IR Spectra of Hydroxyapatite OCP, Pyrolyzed OCP, Arch Oral Biol11:477-492, 1966.
24.
LeGeros, R.Z. ; LeGeros, J.P.; Trautz, O.R.; and Klein, E.: Spectral Properties of Carbonate in Carbonate-containing Apatites, Dev Appl Spec7:3-10, 1970.
25.
Rubeska, I. and Moldan, B.: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, CRC Press, 1969, pp. 115-126.
26.
Fiske, C.H. and Subbarow, Y.: The Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus , J Biol Chem66:773-779, 1925.
27.
Singer, L. and Armstrong, W.D.: Determination of Fluoride in Bone with the Fluoride Electrode, Anal Chem40: 613-617, 1968.
28.
Silverstone, L.M.: Observations on the Dark Zone in Early Enamel Caries and in Artificial Caries-like Lesions, Caries Res1:262-274, 1967.
29.
Silverstone, L.M.: The Structure of Carious Enamel, Including the Early Lesion. In: Oral Sciences Reviews: Dental Enamel , Melcher, A.H. and Zarb, G.A., Eds., Copenhagen : Munksgaard , 1973, pp. 100-160.
30.
Young, R.A. and Elliott, J.C.: Atomic Scale Bases for Several Properties of Apatites, Arch Oral Biol11:699-712, 1966.
31.
Baud, C.A. and Very, J.M.: Ionic Substitutions in vivo in Bone and Tooth Apatite Crystals. In: CNRS No. 230: Physicochimie et Cristallographie des Apatites d'Interet Biologique . Paris: Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 1975, pp. 405-410.
32.
Frazier, P.D. : X-ray Diffraction Analyses of Human Enamel Containing Different Amounts of Fluoride, Arch Oral Biol12 :35-42, 1967.
33.
Posner, A.S. ; Eanes, E.D.; Harper, R.; and Zipkin, I. : X-ray Diffraction Analysis of the Effect of F on Human Bone Apatite, Arch Oral Biol8:549-570, 1963.
34.
LeGeros, R.Z. ; Singer, L.; and Ophaug, R.: The Effect of Fluoride on the Stability of Synthetic and Biological (Bone Mineral) Apatites. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Osteoporosis, 1981, Jerusalem: John Wiley & Sons. In press,
35.
LeGeros, R.Z. ; Trautz, O.R.; LeGeros, J.P.; Klein, E.; and Shirra, W.P.: Apatite Crystallites: Effects of Carbonate on Morphology, Science155:1409-1411, 1967 .
36.
Sharpe, A.N.: Influence of Crystal Orientation in Human Enamel on Its Reactivity to Acid as Shown by High Resolution Microradiography, Arch Oral Biol12:583-591, 1967.
37.
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