The morphological appearance of white spot enamel after treatment with various calcium phosphate and sodium fluoride solutions was examined using the scanning electron microscope. The reaction products formed after the sequential application of the calcifying solutions and a high concentration of fluoride appeared to fill in the porosity created in the enamel surface by white spot formation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Silverstone, L.M., and Johnson, N.W.: The Effects on Sound Human Enamel of Exposure to Calcifying Fluids In Vitro, Caries Res5:323-342, 1971.
2.
Silverstone, L.M.: The Effect of Topical Application of Calcifying Fluids on Human Dental Enamel In Vitro, J Int Assoc Dent Child2:39-54, 1971.
3.
Koulourides, T.; Feagin, F.; and Pigman, W.: Remineralization of Dental Enamel by Saliva In Vitro, Ann NY Acad Sci131 :685-693, 1965.
4.
Koulourides, T.; Cueto, H.; and Pigman, W.: Rehardening of Softened Enamel Surfaces of Teeth by Solutions of Calcium and Phosphates , Nature ( Lond) 189:220-227, 1961.
5.
Feagin, F.; Walker, A.A.; and Pigman, W.: Evaluation of the Calcifying Characteristics of Biological Fluids and Inhibitors of Calcification, Cadcif Tissue Res4: 231-244, 1969.
6.
Wei, S.H.Y. : Remineralization of Enamel and Dentine-A Review , J Dent Child34: 444-451, 1967.
7.
Anderson, B.G. : Clinical Study of Arresting Dental Caries , J Dent Res17: 443-452, 1938.
8.
Muhler, J.C. : Practical Methods for Reducing Dental Caries in Children Not Receiving the Established Benefits of Communal Fluoridation , J Dent Child28: 5-12, 1961.
9.
Sowden, J.R. : Preliminary Report on the Recalcification of Carious Dentine, JADA31: 1579-1586, 1944 .
10.
Silverstone, L.M., and Poole, D.F.G.: The Effect of Saliva and Calcifying Solutions Upon the Histological Appearance of Enamel Caries, Caries Res2:87-96, 1968.
11.
II. Feagin, F.; Patel, P.R.; Koulourides, T.; and Pigman, W.: Study of the Effect of Ca, P, F, and pH Ion Concentrations on the Remineralization of Partially Demineralized Human and Bovine Enamel Surfaces , Arch Oral Biol16: 535-548, 1971.
12.
Chow, L.C., and Brown, W.E.: The Reaction of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate with Fluoride, J Dent Res52: 1220-1227, 1973 .
13.
Wei, S.H.Y. ; Tang, T.E.; and Wefel, J.S.: Reactions of Dicalcium Phosphate Dihydrate with Fluoride Solutions, J Dent Res53: 1145-1154, 1974.
14.
Gray, J.A., and Francis, M.D.: Physical Chemistry of Enamel Dissolution, in Sognnaes, R.F. (ed) : Mechanisms of Hard Tissue Destruction , Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1963, pp 213-260.
15.
Patel, P.A., and Brown, W.E.: Solubility Behavior of Powdered Human Tooth Enamel at 25 C, abstracted, IADR Program and Abstracts of Papers, No. 801, 1971.
16.
Mccann, H.G., and Brudevold, F.: The Mechanism of the Caries Inhibitive Effect of Fluoride, in Kreshoner, S.J., and McClure, F.J. (eds) : Environmental Variables in Oral Disease, Washington: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1966, pp 121-123.
17.
Moreno, E.C. ; Gregory, T.M.; and Brown, W.E.: Preparation and Solubility of Hydroxyapatite , J Res Natl Bur Standards72A: 773-782, 1968.
18.
Wefel, J.S.: A Kinetic and Microscopic Investigation of Calcium Phosphate, PhD thesis, State University of New York at Buffalo, 1973.
19.
Chow, L.C., and Brown, W.E.: The Incorporation of F into Tooth Enamel, abstracted, IADR Program and Abstracts of Papers, No. 65, 1971.
20.
Leach, S.A. : Reactions of Fluoride Ion with Powdered Enamel and Dentine, Br Dent J106: 133-142, 1959.
21.
Ramsey, A.C. ; Duff, E.J.; Patterson , L.; and Stuart, J.L.: The Uptake of F- by Hydroxyapatite at Varying pH, Caries Res1: 231-244, 1973.
22.
Scott, D.B. ; Picard, R.G.; and Wyckoff, W.G.: Studies of the Action of Sodium Fluoride on Human Enamel by Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction, Public Health Reports64: 43-56, 1950.
23.
Mccann, H.G. : Reactions of Fluoride Ion with Hydroxyapatite , J Biol Chem201: 247-259, 1953.
24.
Caslavska, V.; Brudevold, F.; Vrbic , V.; and Moreno, E.C.: Response of Human Enamel to Topical Application of Ammonium Fluoride, Arch Oral Biol16: 1173-1180, 1971.
25.
Gwinnett, A.J. ; Bounocore, M.G.; and Sheykholeslam , Z.: Effect of Fluoride on Etched Human and Bovine Tooth Enamel Surfaces as Demonstrated by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Arch Oral Biol, 17 : 271-278, 1972.
