Conditioning with 50% phosphoric acid produces preferential etching of the enamel surface. Intimate interfacial contact is established between the adhesive and the etched enamel and tags of resin up to 50 μm in length project into the conditioned enamel surface. Etching increases the wettability of the enamel surface.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Skinner, E.W. , and Phillips, R.W.: Science of Dental Materials , 6th ed, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1968, p 8.
2.
Nelsen, R.J. ; Wolcott, R.B.; and Paffen-Barger , G.C.: Fluid Exchange at the Margins of Dental Restorations, JADA44 :288-295, 1952.
3.
Going, R.; Massler, M.; and Dute, H.: Marginal Penetration of Dental Restorations by Different Radioactive Isotopes , J Dent Res39:273-284, 1960.
4.
Peterson, E.A. ; Phillips, R.W.; and Swartz, M.L.: A Comparison of the Physical Properties of Four Restorative Resins, JADA73:1324-1336, 1966.
5.
McLean, J.W., and Kramer, I.R.H.: A Clinical and Pathological Evaluation of a Sulphinic Acid Activated Resin for Use in Restorative Dentistry, Br Dent J93 :255-269, 1952.
6.
Tani, Y., and Buonocore, M.G.: Marginal Leakage and Penetration of Basic Fuchsin Dye in Anterior Restorative Materials, JADA78:542-548, 1969.
7.
Kraus, E.E., and Kraus, L.L.: Evaluation of the Auto-polymer Direct Plastic Filling Materials, J Dent Res30:498, 1951.
8.
Rose, E.E.; Lal, J.; Williams, N.B.; and Falcetti, J.P.: The Screening of Materials for Adhesion to Human Tooth Structure, J Dent Res34:577-588, 1955.
Buonocore, M.G. : Principles of Adhesive Retention and Adhesive Restorative Materials, JADA67:382-391, 1963.
11.
Gwinnett, A.J. , and Matsui, A.: A Study of Enamel Adhesives, The Physical Relationship Between Enamel and Adhesive, Arch Oral Biol12:1615-1620, 1967.
12.
Buonocore, M.G.: New Anterior Restorative Materials, Int Dent J18:406-420, 1968.
13.
Swartz, M.L. : Review of Dental Research, Research in Dental Materials, JADA79: 901-917, 1969.
14.
Smith, D.C. : A New Dental Cement, Br Dent J125:381-384, 1968.
15.
Smith, D.C. : A Review of the Zinc Polycarboxylate Cements , J Can Dent Assoc37:22-29, 1971.
16.
Buonocore, M.G.: A Simple Method of Increasing the Adhesion of Acrylic Filling Materials to Enamel Surfaces, J Dent Res34:849-853, 1955.
17.
Retief, D.H. , and Dreyer, C.J.: Epoxy Resins for Bonding Orthodontic Attachments to Teeth, J Dent Assoc S Afr22 :338-346, 1967.
18.
Newman, G.V. : Epoxy Adhesives for Orthodontic Attachments: Progress Report, Am J Orthodont51:901-912, 1965.
19.
Gwinnett, A.J. , and Buonocore, M.G.: Adhesion and Caries Prevention. A Preliminary Report, Br Dent J119:77-80, 1965.
20.
Buonocore, M.G.; Matsui, A.; and Gwinnett, A.J.: Penetration of Resin Dental Materials Into Enamel Surfaces with Reference to Bonding, Arch Oral Biol13:61-70, 1968.
21.
Buonocore, M.G.: Adhesive Sealing of Pits and Fissures for Caries Prevention, with Use of Ultraviolet Light, JADA80: 324-328, 1970.
22.
Lee, H.L. ; Cupples, A.L.; Schubert, R.J.; and Swartz, M.L.: An Adhesive Dental Restorative Material , J Dent Res50 :125-132, 1971.
23.
Lee, H.L. , and Swartz, M.L.: Sealing of Development Pits and Fissures , I. In Vitro Study, J Dent Res50:133-140, 1971.
24.
Retief, D.H. ; Dreyer, C.J.; and Gavron, G.: The Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Attachments to Teeth by Means of an Epoxy Resin Adhesive, Am J Orthodont58:21-40, 1970.
25.
Mulholland, R.D., and De Shazer , D.O.: The Effect of Acidic Pretreatment Solutions on the Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Brackets to Enamel , Angle Orthod38 :236-243, 1968.
26.
Newman, G.V. : Adhesives and Orthodontic Plastic Attachments , Am J Orthodont56: 573-588, 1969.
27.
Roydhouse, R.H.: Prevention of Occlusal Fissure Caries by Use of a Sealant: A Pilot Study, J Dent Child35:253-262, 1968.
28.
Laswell, H.R. ; Welk, D.A.; and Regenos, J.W.: Attachment of Resin Restorations to Acid Pretreated Enamel, JADA82:558-563, 1971.
29.
Lee, B.D. ; Phillips, R.W.; and Swartz, M.L.: The Influence of Phosphoric Acid Etching on Retention of Acrylic Resin to Bovine Enamel, JADA82:1381-1386, 1971 .
30.
Ousley, J.S. ; Wagner, M.J.; and Taylor, P.P.: Effect of Surface Conditioners on Amalgam Marginal Leakage, J Dent Child37:62-68, 1971.
31.
Holliger, H.H. : Penetration of Restorative Margins. A Fluorescent Dye Study, Dent Radiogr Photogr40(1) :9-14, 1967.
32.
Glantz, P.: On Wettability and Adhesiveness, Odont Revy20 (suppl 17): 1-132, 1969.
33.
Lenz, H., and Mühlemann, H.R.: In-vivo and In-vitro Effects of Saliva on Etched or Mechanically Marked Enamel After Certain Periods of Time, Helv Odont Acta7:30-33, 1963.
34.
Poole, D.F.G. , and Johnson, N.W.: The Effect of Different Demineralizing Agents on Human Enamel Surfaces Studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy, Arch Oral Biol12:1621-1632, 1967 .
35.
Hoffman, S. ; McEwan, W.S.; and Drew, C.M.: Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies of Dental Enamel, J Dent Res48: 242-250, 1969.
36.
Hoffman, S. ; Rovelstad, G.; McEwan , W.S.; and Drew, C.M.: Demineralization Studies of Fluoride-Treated Enamel Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, J Dent Res48:1296-1302, 1969.
37.
Newman, G.V. , and Facq, J.M.: The Effect of Adhesive Systems on Tooth Surfaces, Am J Orthodont59:67-75, 1971.
38.
Lee, H.; Ocumpaugh, D.E.; Shaffer, J.; and Sheble, A.M.: Sealing of Developmental Pits and Fissures: IV. Measurement of In Vivo Fluoride Pickup by Electron Microprobe X-Ray Spectrophotometry, J Dent Res51:634-639, 1972.
39.
Weis, L.: A Biophysical Consideration of Cell Contact Phenomena, in Manly, R.S. (ed): Adhesion in Biological Systems , New York: Academic Press , 1970, p 6.
40.
Baier, R.E.: Surface Properties Influencing Biological Adhesion, in Manly, R.S. (ed): Adhesion in Biological Systems, New York: Academic Press , 1970, p 19.
41.
Newman, G.V. , and Sharpe, L.H.: On the Wettability of Tooth Surfaces, J New Jersey State Dent Soc37:289-293, 1966.
42.
Newman, G.V. ; Snyder, W.H.; and Wilson, C.E.: Acrylic Adhesives for Bonding Attachments to Tooth Surfaces, Angle Orthod38:12-18, 1968.
43.
Dijkman, J.F.P. , and Retief, D.H.: Clinical Experience with an Epoxy Resin Adhesive for Direct Bonding of Orthodontic Attachments, J Dent Assoc S Afr26:37-44, 1972.
