The determination of tin by atomic absorption spectroscopy was developed to such a degree that it could be applied to the analysis of tin in dental tissues at the 1 ppm level. This development involved the elimination of the interference due to calcium and its phosphates and the improvement of operating conditions to maximize sensitivity. By use of this method, tin was determined in untreated and stannous fluoride-treated powdered and intact enamel and dentin.
Swerdloff, G. , and Shannon, I.L.: A Feasibility Study of the Use of a Stannous Fluoride Mouthwash in a School Preventative Dentistry Program, Publication SAM-TR-67-52, Brooks Air Force Base, Tex: USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, 1967.
3.
Muhler, J.C. : Mass Treatment of Children with Stannous Fluoride-Zirconium Silicate Self-Administered Prophylactic Paste for Partial Control of Dental Caries, J Amer Col Dent35:45-57, 1968.
4.
Hoerman, K.C. ; Klima, J.E.; Birks , L.S.; Nagel, D.J.; Ludwick, W.E.; and Lyon, H.W.: Tin and Fluoride Uptake in Human Enamel in Situ: Electron Probe and Chemical Microanalysis , JADA73 :1301-1305, 1966 .
5.
Gray, J.A.; Schweizer, H.C.; Rosevear, F.B.; and Broge, R.W.: Electron Microscopic Observations of the Differences in the Effects of Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride on Dental Enamel, J Dent Res37:638-648, 1958.
6.
Cooley, W.E. : Reactions of Tin(II) and Fluoride Ions with Etched Enamel, J Dent Res40:1199-1210, 1961.
7.
Gray, J.A.: Acid Dissolution Rate of Sound and White Spot Enamel Treated with Tin(II) and Fluoride Compounds, J Dent Res44:493-501, 1965.
8.
Langer, H.G. , and Nebergall, W.H.: Identification of the Reaction Products of Stannous Fluoride and Sodium Fluoride with Powdered Dental Enamel, abstracted , J Dent Res37:58, 1958.
9.
Brudevold, F., and Steadman, L.T.: A Study of Tin in Enamel, J Dent Res35: 749-752, 1956.
10.
Meckel, A.H. : Persistence of 113Tin in Slightly Decalcified Mouth Enamel, J Dent Res41:1104, 1962.
11.
Mellberg, J.R. ; Englander, H.R.; and Nicholson , C.R.: Acquisition of Fluoride In Vivo by Deciduous Enamel from Daily Topical Fluoride Applications , J Oral Ther3:330-334, 1967.
12.
Brudevold, F. ; Mccann, H.G.; and Grn , P.: Biopsy Method for Determination of Fluoride in Human Teeth, Arch Oral Biol13:377-385, 1968.
13.
Hefferren, J.J. , and Higuchi, W.I.: Preparation of Large Quantities of Powdered Enamel, J Dent Res44:455, 1965.
14.
Manly, R.S., and Hodge, H.C.: Density and Refractive Index Studies of Dental Hard TissuesI. Methods for Separation and Determination of Purity, J Dent Res18:133-141, 1939.
15.
Gray, J.A.: Kinetics of Enamel Dissolution during Formation of Incipient Caries-Like Lesions , Arch Oral Biol11:397-421, 1966.
16.
Coklica, V., and Brudevold, F.: Density of Fractions in Human Enamel, Arch Oral Biol11:1261-1268, 1966.
17.
Orban, B.: Oral Histology and Embryology, St. Louis, Mo: C. V. Mosby Co., 1944, p 55.
18.
Capacho-Delgado, L., and Manning, D.C.: Determination of Tin by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Spectrochim Acta22:1505-1513, 1966.
19.
Mulford, C.E. : Solvent Extraction Techniques for Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Atom Absorp Newsletter5:88-90, 1966.
20.
Agazzi, E.J. : Determination of Tin in Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry , Anal Chem37: 364-366, 1965.
21.
Scheub, W.H. , and Stromsky, C.J.: The Effect of Dissolved Air on Rate of Aspiration in Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, Atom Absorp Newsletter6:95, 1967.
22.
Willis, J.B. : Determination of Calcium and Magnesium in Urine by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, Anal Chem33: 556-559, 1961.
